Abstract
In the past few years, atom clusters with average diameters in the range of 5–50 nm of a variety of materials, including metals and ceramics, have been synthesized by evaporation and condensation in high-purity gases followed by consolidation in situ under ultrahigh vacuum conditions to create nanophase materials. These new ultrafine-grained materials have properties that are often significantly different and considerably improved relative to those of their coarser-grained counterparts. The property changes result from their small grain sizes, the large percentage of their atoms in grain boundary environments, and the interactions between grains. Since their properties can be engineered during the synthesis and processing steps, cluster-assembled nanophase materials appear to have great technological potential beyond the current scientific interest in their grain-size dependent properties. Recent research on nanophase materials is reviewed and their future is considered.
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