Abstract
This paper investigates the synthesis of paramagnetic nanoparticles, which are able to bind branched chain amino acids (BCAAs)—leucine, valine, and isoleucine and, thus, serve as a tool for their isolation. Further, by this, we present an approach for encapsulation of nanoparticles into a liposome cavity resulting in a delivery system. Analyses of valine and leucine in entire complex show that 31.3% and 32.6% recoveries are reached for those amino acids. Evaluation of results shows that the success rate of delivery in Escherichia coli (E. coli) is higher in the case of BCAAs on nanoparticles entrapped in liposomes (28.7% and 34.7% for valine and leucine, respectively) when compared to nanoparticles with no liposomal envelope (18.3% and 13.7% for valine and leucine, respectively). The nanoparticles with no liposomal envelope exhibit the negative zeta potential (−9.1 ± 0.3 mV); however, their encapsulation results in a shift into positive values (range of 28.9 ± 0.4 to 33.1 ± 0.5 mV). Thus, electrostatic interactions with negatively-charged cell membranes (approx. −50 mV in the case of E. coli) leads to a better uptake of cargo. Our delivery system was finally tested with the leucine-rich antimicrobial peptide (FALALKALKKALKKLKKALKKAL) and it is shown that hemocompatibility (7.5%) and antimicrobial activity of the entire complex against E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and methicilin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is comparable or better than conventional penicillin antibiotics.
Highlights
IntroductionThe multidisciplinary field of nanotechnologies has engulfed a myriad of new opportunities concerning areas of interest like health care, material sciences, or analytical chemistry [1]
The multidisciplinary field of nanotechnologies has engulfed a myriad of new opportunities concerning areas of interest like health care, material sciences, or analytical chemistry [1].Nanomaterials-based isolation and preconcentration play important roles in many analytical procedures, such as the elimination of interfering substances [2,3]
We showed the synthesis of paramagnetic nanoparticles composed of nanomaghemite cores and APTES shells, and how the encapsulation in cationic liposome cavities influenced their zeta potential and delivery efficiency, tested in E. coli bacterial cells
Summary
The multidisciplinary field of nanotechnologies has engulfed a myriad of new opportunities concerning areas of interest like health care, material sciences, or analytical chemistry [1]. Nanomaterials-based isolation and preconcentration play important roles in many analytical procedures, such as the elimination of interfering substances [2,3]. The advantage of nanomaterial utilization is possibility of their modification with various chemical groups to increase their selectivity [4,5]. Materials 2016, 9, 260 their utilization and develop new combinations, improving their excellent qualities [6]. Paramagnetic particles (PMPs) are of great interest due to their unique purposes. In medicine, their application is quite promising. The importance of targeted drug delivery is to transport a drug directly to the center of the disease under various conditions and, thereby, treat it deliberately and/or to enhance the interactions between delivery system and the selected target (pathogen, cancer cells, etc.) [7]
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