Abstract
Conducting polymer-coated nanoparticles used in electrorheological (ER) and magnetorheological (MR) fluids are reviewed along with their fabrication methods, morphologies, thermal properties, sedimentation stabilities, dielectric properties, and ER and MR characteristics under applied electric or magnetic fields. After functionalization of the conducting polymers, the nanoparticles exhibited properties suitable for use as ER materials, and materials in which magnetic particles are used as a core could also be applied as MR materials. The conducting polymers covered in this study included polyaniline and its derivatives, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), poly(3-octylthiophene), polypyrrole, and poly(diphenylamine). The modified nanoparticles included polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), silica, titanium dioxide, maghemite, magnetite, and nanoclay. This article reviews many core-shell structured conducting polymer-coated nanoparticles used in ER and MR fluids and is expected to contribute to the understanding and development of ER and MR materials.
Highlights
Smart materials, called intelligent materials, can sense external stimuli, such as light, temperature, pH, stress, strain, chemical, nuclear radiation, electric fields, and magnetic fields.In particular, these types of materials can usually select and control the degree of response according to the design requirement, and can quickly go back to their initial phase when the external stimulus is eliminated [1,2,3]
Similar to an ER fluid, a magnetorheological (MR) suspension usually consists of magnetic particles suspended in a carrier liquid that converts rapidly to a solid-like form under a magnetic field and returns to a liquid-like phase when the applied field is withdrawn [12,13]
The transmission electron microscope (TEM) image of PANI/SPL (Figure 2f), revealed some bumps on the surface of sepiolite, which are nano-fibrous morphology with lengths ranging from the sub-micrometer to micrometer and a mean caused by the PANI coating
Summary
Called intelligent materials, can sense external stimuli, such as light, temperature, pH, stress, strain, chemical, nuclear radiation, electric fields, and magnetic fields. When a polymer is used to form core-shell structured magnetic particle-polymer composites, the polymer shell can reduce the density difference between the magnetic materials and the carrier liquid to enhance the sedimentation stability of an MR fluid. It can protect the magnetic cores from corrosion and oxidation, thereby improving the stability of the MR properties [42,43]. Conducting polymer coated core-shell structured composites with micro-sized CI particles as the core have been researched as MR materials, such as CI/polyindole (PIn) [51] and CI/PANI [52]. Schematic diagram of the fabrication method of conducting core-shell particles
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