Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has emerged as a promising strategy for the treatment of many forms of cancer by stimulating body's own immune system. This therapy not only eradicates tumor cells by inducing strong anti-tumor immune response but also prevent their recurrence. The clinical cancer immunotherapy faces some insurmountable challenges including high immune-mediated toxicity, lack of effective and targeted delivery of cancer antigens to immune cells and off-target side effects. However, nanotechnology offers some solutions to overcome those limitations, and thus can potentiate the efficacy of immunotherapy. This review focuses on the advancement of nanoparticle-mediated delivery of immunostimulating agents for efficient cancer immunotherapy. Here we have outlined the use of the immunostimulatory nanoparticles as a smart carrier for effective delivery of cancer antigens and adjuvants, type of interactions between nanoparticles and the antigen/adjuvant as well as the factors controlling the interaction between nanoparticles and the receptors on antigen presenting cells. Besides, the role of nanoparticles in targeting/activating immune cells and modulating the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment has also been discussed extensively. Finally, we have summarized some theranostic applications of the immunomodulatory nanomaterials in treating cancers based on the earlier published reports.
Highlights
Nowadays immunotherapy has emerged as a promising and innovative strategy which is widely used for the treatment of various types of diseases by modulating the host’s immune system
Our body’s immune system can distinguish cancer cells from normal cells by recognizing tumor antigens which are of two types; (i) tumor-specific antigens (TSAs), i.e., specific molecules that are exclusively produced from cancer cells, like PSA or Prostrate-specific antigens and (ii) tumorassociated antigens (TAAs), i.e., specific molecules that are produced both from normal cells and cancer cells, like CEA, or Carcinoembryonic antigen (Koury et al, 2018)
It is to be noted that CD4+ helper T-cells are only activated upon recognition of a non-self or malignant antigenic peptide, presented upon major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-in Figure 6 (II) molecules displayed on the cell surface exclusively by the antigen presenting cells (APCs)
Summary
Nowadays immunotherapy has emerged as a promising and innovative strategy which is widely used for the treatment of various types of diseases by modulating the host’s immune system. The in vivo study demonstrated a significant tumor growth inhibition and enhanced survival rate in tumor-bearing mice treated with CpGODN loaded NPs as compared to soluble CpG-ODNs. Recently, Lee et al (2020) used PEI-coated hollow MSNs with extra-large mesopores to encapsulate OVA for the effective activation of DCs and induction of antigen-specific immune response.
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