Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) involving a malignant tumour remains one of the greatest contributing causes of fatal mortality and has become the third globally ranked malignancy in terms of cancer-associated deaths. Conventional CRC treatment approaches such as surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy are the most utilized approaches to treat this disease. However, they are limited by low selectivity and systemic toxicity, so they cannot completely eradicate this disease. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an emerging therapeutic modality that exerts selective cytotoxicity to cancerous cells through the activation of photosensitizers (PSs) under light irradiation to produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), which then cause cancer cell death. Cumulative research findings have highlighted the significant role of traditional PDT in CRC treatment; however, the therapeutic efficacy of the classical PDT strategy is restricted due to skin photosensitivity, poor cancerous tissue specificity, and limited penetration of light. The application of nanoparticles in PDT can mitigate some of these shortcomings and enhance the targeting ability of PS in order to effectively use PDT against CRC as well as to reduce systemic side effects. Although 2D culture models are widely used in cancer research, they have some limitations. Therefore, 3D models in CRC PDT, particularly multicellular tumour spheroids (MCTS), have attracted researchers. This review summarizes several photosensitizers that are currently used in CRC PDT and gives an overview of recent advances in nanoparticle application for enhanced CRC PDT. In addition, the progress of 3D-model applications in CRC PDT is discussed.
Highlights
Accepted: 30 October 2021Cancer has become the second largest lethal disease that causes fatal mortality, worldwide [1]
The results suggested that the upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs)-chlorin e6 (Ce6)-R837-based Photodynamic therapy (PDT) under NIR irradiation is a promising anticancer strategy that can lead to the significant inhibition of distant tumours and the inhibition of tumour relapse [104]
The effectiveness of PDT in eliminating Colorectal cancer (CRC) has been investigated in several in vitro and in vivo clinical trials, and the outcomes of the studies demonstrated the remarkable potency of PDT with relatively minimal adverse events [62,63,64,65,66]
Summary
Cancer has become the second largest lethal disease that causes fatal mortality, worldwide [1]. The cancer arises when certain cells of the mucosal epithelium transform into malignant unregulated polyps after acquiring a series of genetic or epigenetic mutations [3]. Of polyps may progress to become cancerous, if they are not eliminated, these malignant cells may develop the ability to spread into the walls of the colon and potentially invade beyond the colorectal wall, thereby promoting metastases to distant organs [3]. Several genetic and environmental factors of nanocarriers as an innovative therapeutic strategy for the effective PDT treatment of that can exacerbate CRC development include active smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, colorectal cancer. On Cancer cer based on tumour, nodes, metastasis (TNM) classification. Based on tumour, nodes, metastasis (TNM) classification
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