Abstract
Despite the compelling clinical success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells and bispecific T cell engagers (BiTEs) for the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM), many patients relapse due to tumor escape. A list of limitations exists for both immunotherapies. CAR-T cells, for instance, 1) only target one cancer antigen when it is evidently known that cancer cells express a landscape of heterotypic genes and moieties; and 2) are extremely expensive with a total cost of more than $1 million. With regards to BiTEs, limitations arise from: 1) the inability to target multiple cancer antigens; 2) the need to be continually infused into the patient to enable efficacy and distribution due to their very short half-lives (2 hours); and 3) the increased risk of infections and sepsis-related deaths due to continual infusion.
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