Abstract
There has been a considerable research interest in the area of drug delivery systems using nanoparticles. Nanostructured biomaterials have unique physicochemical properties such as ultra small and controllable size, large surface area to mass ratio, high reactivity and functionalizable structure. It alter and improve the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of various types of drug molecules that are capable of targeted delivery of both imaging agents and anticancer drugs and early detection of cancer lesions, determination of molecular signatures of the tumor by noninvasive imaging and, most importantly, molecular targeted cancer therapy. These properties can be applied on drug to overcoming some of the limitations in traditional therapeutics. They have been used in vivo to protect the drug entity in the systemic circulation, restrict access of the drug to the chosen sites and to deliver the drug at a controlled and sustained rate to the site of action, minimizes undesirable side effects of the drugs and allow for more efficient use of the drug. It should be present at appropriate concentrations at the target site, and it should not lose its activity or therapeutic efficacy while in circulation. Here, we review various aspects of nanoparticle formulation, characterization, effect of their characteristics and their applications in delivery of drug molecules, improving the targated delivery of therapeutic agents, the potential of nanomedicine, development of novel and more effective diagnostic and screening techniques to extend the limits of molecular diagnostics and challenges in synthesizing nanoparticle platforms for delivering various drugs.
Highlights
The predominant methods to deliver drugs are oral and injection
The efficacy of drug is limited by their potential to reach the site of therapeutic action, only a small amount of dose reaches the target site and majority of drug is distributed to the rest of the body with it’s physiochemical and biochemical properties, developing a drug delivery system that optimizes the action of drug while reducing the side effects in vivo is a challenging task
Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles have attracted the attention of numerous researchers in the controlled release of drugs due to its inherent capacity in targeting particular organ/tissue
Summary
The predominant methods to deliver drugs are oral and injection. The drug is expected to circulate whole body affecting the cell and organ that are dysfunctioning as well as those which are healthy. Advantages over traditional drug delivery: Conventionally drugs are taken via orally or through injection which circulate through out the body which may causes harmful effect on the cells or tissues or organs. Liposomes for drug delivery: Liposomes are spherical lipid vesicles with a of nanoparticle-based drug delivery have been recognized, including improving serum solubility of the drugs, prolonging the systemic circulation lifetime, bilayered membrane structure consisting of amphiphilic lipid molecules. It is used as drug delivery nanoparticle. These cells are not crossed by the larger-sized particles (Rao et al, 2010) i.e. by conventional medicine
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