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Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are well known for their great potential in clinical applications. In fact, MSCs can differentiate into several cell lineages and show paracrine behavior by releasing endogenous factors that stimulate tissue repair and modulate local immune response. Each MSC type is affected by specific biobanking issues—technical issues as well as regulatory and ethical concerns—thus making it quite tricky to safely and commonly use MSC banking for swift regenerative applications. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) include a group of 150–1000 nm vesicles that are released by budding from the plasma membrane into biological fluids and/or in the culture medium from varied and heterogenic cell types. EVs consist of various vesicle types that are defined with different nomenclature such as exosomes, shedding vesicles, nanoparticles, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies. Ectosomes, micro- and nanoparticles generally refer to the direct release of single vesicles from the plasma membrane. While many studies describe exosomes as deriving from multivesicular bodies, solid evidence about the origin of EVs is often lacking. Extracellular vesicles represent an important portion of the cell secretome. Their numerous properties can be used for diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic uses, so EVs are considered to be innovative and smart theranostic tools. The aim of this review is to investigate the usefulness of exosomes as carriers of the whole information panel characterizing the use of MSCs in regenerative medicine. Our purpose is to make a step forward in the development of the NANOmetric BIO-banked MSC-derived Exosome (NANOBIOME).
Highlights
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are almost ubiquitous in the adult body
Despite the numerous model disease-based experimental works that have demonstrated that the functional effects of MSC exosomes are carried by their RNA content, other works have suggested that MSC exosomes most probably work through the protein rather than the RNA, due to an inadequate RNA configuration and/or concentration
The secretory ability of MSCs has been well established by enumerable scientific reports; the identification of exosomes as carriers of stimuli and information among cells suggests a central role of Extracellular vesicles (EVs) as effectors of the paracrine activity of MSCs (Table 1)
Summary
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are almost ubiquitous in the adult body. Initially this population of immature cells has only been isolated in bone marrow, but further studies have described their presence in a wide range of organs (hearth, brain) tissues (fat, oral cavity), and liquid fluids (blood, urine, semen) [1,2]. EVs secreted by MSCs have been studied in different model diseases in order to elucidate their great paracrine power for the regeneration of injured tissues and their significant immunomodulation ability. With the aim of confirming the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of EVs. Many attempts must be made to shed light on the ideal stabilizer and cryoprotectant agent to be used and on the correct temperature degree to ensure effective long-lasting stability of stored EVs. The creation of a systematic process for EV biobanking could represent a very advantageous system for disposing of the powerful properties of MSC secretome, avoiding the typical issues linked to cell-therapy, and moving towards the new frontiers of exosome-based therapy and diagnostics
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