Abstract
Based on the recent reports of World Health Organization, increased antibiotic resistance prevalence among bacteria represents the greatest challenge to human health. In addition, the poor solubility, stability, and side effects that lead to inefficiency of the current antibacterial therapy prompted the researchers to explore new innovative strategies to overcome such resilient microbes. Hence, novel antibiotic delivery systems are in high demand. Nanotechnology has attracted considerable interest due to their favored physicochemical properties, drug targeting efficiency, enhanced uptake, and biodistribution. The present review focuses on the recent applications of organic (liposomes, lipid-based nanoparticles, polymeric micelles, and polymeric nanoparticles), and inorganic (silver, silica, magnetic, zinc oxide (ZnO), cobalt, selenium, and cadmium) nanosystems in the domain of antibacterial delivery. We provide a concise description of the characteristics of each system that render it suitable as an antibacterial delivery agent. We also highlight the recent promising innovations used to overcome antibacterial resistance, including the use of lipid polymer nanoparticles, nonlamellar liquid crystalline nanoparticles, anti-microbial oligonucleotides, smart responsive materials, cationic peptides, and natural compounds. We further discuss the applications of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy, combination drug therapy, nano antibiotic strategy, and phage therapy, and their impact on evading antibacterial resistance. Finally, we report on the formulations that made their way towards clinical application.
Highlights
The resistance to antibiotics is defined as the ability of bacteria causing disease to resist the therapeutic effects of antibacterial drugs
Nanomedicine plays a vital role in enhancing the effectiveness of existent therapeutics, by enhancing the physicochemical properties and stability of antibiotics, offering a chance of biofilm internalization, prolongation of antibiotic release, in addition to the capability of targeted delivery to the site of infection and improved systemic circulation with a consequent reduction of the related side effects compared to the corresponding free drugs [18]
Effective targeting to the bronchial cells, where infection and inflammatory responses are mostly localized in Cystic Fibrosis (CF) patients
Summary
The resistance to antibiotics is defined as the ability of bacteria causing disease to resist the therapeutic effects of antibacterial drugs. To highlight the application of nanosystems as antibacterial delivery agents, it is worth identifying the mechanism by which bacteria form colonies that escape conventional antibiotic therapies. Due to the diversity and anonymous biofilm-resistant mechanisms, innovative nanosystems should be developed to stop the spread of resistant bacterial infections. The present review will discuss role of nanosystems in overcoming the bacterial resistance and will outline the various mechanisms of nanosystems as antibacterial drug delivery agents. These nanosystems are classified into two categories; the first one is organic nanosystems such as liposomes, lipid-based nanoparticles, polymeric micelles, and polymeric nanoparticles, and the second one is inorganic nanosystems such as silver, silica, magnetic, zinc oxide (ZnO), cobalt, selenium, and cadmium nanoparticles. Clinical trials and challenges in the clinical translation of nanomedicines will be discussed
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
