Abstract
The type 2 immune response is an adaptive immune program involved in defense against parasites, detoxification, and wound healing, but is predominantly known for its pathophysiological effects, manifesting as allergic disease. Engineered nanoparticles (NPs) are non-self entities that, to our knowledge, do not stimulate detrimental type 2 responses directly, but have the potential to modulate ongoing reactions in various ways, including the delivery of substances aiming at providing a therapeutic benefit. We review, here, the state of knowledge concerning the interaction of NPs with type 2 immune responses and highlight their potential as a multifunctional platform for therapeutic intervention.
Highlights
Reviewed by: Krzysztof Guzik, Jagiellonian University, Poland Pasquale Maffia, University of Glasgow, UK Ilaria Puxeddu, University of Pisa, Italy Joelma Rodrigues Souza, Federal University of Paraíba, Brazil
The type 2 immune response is an adaptive immune program involved in defense against parasites, detoxification, and wound healing, but is predominantly known for its pathophysiological effects, manifesting as allergic disease
Here, the state of knowledge concerning the interaction of NPs with type 2 immune responses and highlight their potential as a multifunctional platform for therapeutic intervention
Summary
Ancestral populations can be assumed to have been constantly subjected to parasite infections. The host response of mice against L. donovani was supported by artemisinin-loaded NPs that shifted the cytokine profile from type 2 to type 1 [11]. This corresponds to the conventional view that Leishmania, like other microparasites, is promoted by type 2 responses and controlled by type 1 responses. It should be borne in mind that careful analysis of this mouse model has revealed that the prototypic TH2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 can contribute to either the control or the exacerbation of disease [12] It is, not always clear which role type 2 responses play in relation to specific parasites. It is clear that NPs can influence the type of immune response toward a challenge, with either detrimental or protective effects for the host
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