Abstract
Nanotechnology is an exciting and innovative field when combined with tissue engineering, as it offers greater versatility in scaffold design for promoting cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. The use of nanomaterials in craniofacial tissue regeneration is a newly developing field that holds great potential for treating craniofacial defects. This review presents an overview of the nanomaterials used for craniofacial tissue regeneration as well as their clinical applications for periodontal, vascular (endodontics), cartilage (temporomandibular joint), and bone tissue regeneration (dental implants and mandibular defects). To enhance periodontal tissue regeneration, nanohydroxyapatite was used in conjunction with other scaffold materials, such as polylactic acid, poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid), polyamide, chitosan, and polycaprolactone. To facilitate pulp regeneration along with the revascularization of the periapical tissue, polymeric nanofibers were used to simulate extracellular matrix formation. For temporomandibular joint (cartilage) engineering, nanofibrous-type and nanocomposite-based scaffolds improved tissue growth, cell differentiation, adhesion, and synthesis of cartilaginous extracellular matrix. To enhance bone regeneration for dental implants and mandibular bone defects, nanomaterials such as nanohydroxyapatite composite scaffolds, nanomodified mineral trioxide aggregate, and graphene were tested. Although the scientific knowledge in nanomaterials is rapidly advancing, there remain many unexplored data regarding their standardization, safety, and interactions with the nanoenvironment.
Highlights
The interest of nanomaterials in dentistry is growing rapidly and has allowed for improvements in various biomedical applications, such as that of tissue regeneration [1]
This review presents updates on the current state of nanomaterials used in craniofacial tissue regeneration: We examine the various types of nanomaterials, followed by a focus on specific clinical applications
Due to their antibacterial properties, metallic nanoparticles such as zinc and copper have been incorporated into scaffolds, while silver nanoparticles have been investigated as a replacement for certain dental filling agents [3,12]
Summary
The interest of nanomaterials in dentistry is growing rapidly and has allowed for improvements in various biomedical applications, such as that of tissue regeneration [1]. The application of a nanofiller material for restorations, in 2002, marked the first time that nanomaterials were used in dentistry [4]. By integrating the three principal elements of tissue engineering (stem cells, scaffolds, and signaling molecules) with the prospect of nanotechnology, Appl. In areas of preventative health care, nanomaterials can exhibit antimicrobial and restorative properties, while in restorative dentistry, nanofillers can enhance the mechanical and bioactive properties of restoration materials [6]. As nanomaterial-based studies become more prevalent for dentistry, the potential benefits and risks of nanomaterials as an alternative or complementary treatment should be considered and further examined. This review presents updates on the current state of nanomaterials used in craniofacial tissue regeneration: We examine the various types of nanomaterials, followed by a focus on specific clinical applications
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