Abstract
Alzheimer's, a progressive neurodegenerative disease affects brain and neurons through enormous reduction in nerve cell regenerative capacity. Dementia and impairment of cognitive functions are more prevalent in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients in both industrialized and non-industrialized countries. Various factors play significant role in molecular cascades that leads to neuronal inflammation, dementia and thereby AD progression. Current medications are symptomatic that alleviates pain while lack in absolute cure, urging researchers to explore targets and therapeutics. Interestingly, nanomedicines developed due to the onset of nanotechnology, are being extensively investigated for the treatment of AD. This review presents the advancement in nanotherapeutic strategies, involving the emergence of nanomaterials that offers advantage to pass through the blood-brain barrier and acts as a therapeutic modality against AD.
Highlights
The neurodegenerative disorder, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the sixth leading cause of death that affects 5.8 million Americans and is estimated to reach 14 million by 2050
NPs functionalized with bovine serum albumin (BSA) which was further decorated with sialic acid (NP-BSAX -Sia) exhibited biocompatibility, high magnetic relaxivities for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and high selectivity to target Aβ plaques when examined in human AD transgenic mice
The optimized TAT-nerve growth factor (NGF)-rosmarinic acid (RA)-CURCQU-CL/PA-LIP complex was found efficient in downregulating the expressions of pERK1/2 under phosphorylated state which is controlled by external signals such as cJun protein kinase present at N-terminal, p38, tau protein found at serine 202 and Caspase 3
Summary
The neurodegenerative disorder, AD is the sixth leading cause of death that affects 5.8 million Americans and is estimated to reach 14 million by 2050. The BBB maintains the homeostasis of the CNS and helps in proper functioning of neurons and protecting the tissues making up the neurons from toxins and pathogenic attack It helps in preventing the progression of various neurological diseases [17]. These NPs have the ability to act on molecular structures and cellular components These structures may be nucleic acids, cellular membranous tissues, proteins, and peptides causing unexpected changes in the functioning of biological processes in cells and tissues. We comprehensively discussed different hallmarks of brain that are affected during AD progression, the role of various factors in the pathological development of AD, therapeutic modalities in the treatment of AD, and different types of nanomaterials used to deliver drugs via crossing BBB to the brain of AD patients
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