Abstract
As wound healing continues to be a challenge for the medical field, wound management has become an essential factor for healthcare systems. Nanotechnology is a domain that could provide different new approaches concerning regenerative medicine. It is worth mentioning the importance of nanoparticles, which, when embedded in biomaterials, can induce specific properties that make them of interest in applications as materials for wound dressings. In the last years, nano research has taken steps to develop molecular engineering strategies for different self-assembling biocompatible nanoparticles. It is well-known that nanomaterials can improve burn treatment and also the delayed wound healing process. In this review, the first-line of bioactive nanomaterials-based dressing categories frequently applied in clinical practice, including semi-permeable films, semipermeable foam dressings, hydrogel dressings, hydrocolloid dressings, alginate dressings, non-adherent contact layer dressings, and multilayer dressings will be discussed. Additionally, this review will highlight the lack of high-quality evidence and the necessity for future advanced trials because current wound healing therapies generally fail to provide an excellent clinical outcome, either structurally or functionally. The use of nanomaterials in wound management represents a unique tool that can be specifically designed to closely reflect the underlying physiological processes in tissue repair.
Highlights
The phases involved in the wound healing process are hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling (Figure 1) [1,2]
Development of new biocompatible and biodegradable hydrocolloid dressings based on nanomaterials, which could be able to sustain all phases of wound healing, should be a future perspective for researchers due to the lack of publications in this area
Existing approaches to modern wound management are focused on providing a moist wound environment
Summary
The phases involved in the wound healing process are hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling (Figure 1) [1,2]. The dressing should tolerate proper gas permeability [25,26] and extract the excess exudate from the wound surface while maintaining it moist [27,28] Another important aspect is related to the ability to act as a barrier for microorganisms by providing an antibacterial medium [29–31]. This review aims to present the physical and biological properties, the forms of the dressings, the advantages and disadvantages, and the indications and contraindications of using the first-line interactive/bioactive dressing class based on nanomaterials frequently applied nowadays in clinical practice. These include the application of nanomaterials for semi-permeable films, semipermeable foam dressings, hydrogel dressings, hydrocolloid dressings, alginate dressings, non-adherent contact layer dressings, and multilayer dressings. Nanomaterials-based treatments have achieved a new horizon in the arena of wound care due to their ability to deliver a plethora of therapeutics into the target site and to target the complexity of the normal wound-healing process [49,50]
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