Abstract
Given the fact that excessive levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induce damage to proteins, lipids, and DNA, various ROS-generating agents and strategies have been explored to induce cell death and tumor destruction by generating ROS above toxic threshold. Unfortunately, hypoxia in tumor microenvironment (TME) not only promotes tumor metastasis but also enhances tumor resistance to the ROS-generated cancer therapies, thus leading to ineffective therapeutic outcomes. A variety of nanotechnology-based approaches that generate or release O2 continuously to overcome hypoxia in TME have showed promising results to improve the efficacy of ROS-generated cancer therapy. In this minireview, we present an overview of current nanomaterial-based strategies for advanced cancer therapy by modulating the hypoxia in the TME and promoting ROS generation. Particular emphasis is put on the O2 supply capability and mechanism of these nanoplatforms. Future challenges and opportunities of design consideration are also discussed. We believe that this review may provide some useful inspiration for the design and construction of other advanced nanomaterials with O2 supply ability for overcoming the tumor hypoxia-associated resistance of ROS-mediated cancer therapy and thus promoting ROS-generated cancer therapeutics.
Highlights
reactive oxygen species (ROS) (including singlet oxygen (1O2), superoxide radicals (O2−), hydroxyl radicals (OH), and peroxides (O22−)) play a concentration-dependent role in physiological activity (Gorrini et al, 2013)
We present an overview of current nanotechnologybased strategies for advanced cancer therapy by modulating the hypoxia in tumor microenvironment (TME) and promoting the generation of ROS
Tumor Hypoxia-Regulating Approaches Based on Nanotechnology. Based on their different mechanisms and involved materials, nanotechnology-based tumor hypoxia-regulating approaches can be classified into the following categories: delivering O2 by natural or artificial oxygen-carrying materials, the hydrolysis of exogenous peroxide, catalytic decomposition of intracellular H2O2 by utilizing catalase or catalase-like nanozymes, and generating O2 by water-splitting photocatalysts
Summary
ROS (including singlet oxygen (1O2), superoxide radicals (O2−), hydroxyl radicals (OH), and peroxides (O22−)) play a concentration-dependent role in physiological activity (Gorrini et al, 2013). Promoted by recent advances in nanotechnology, a variety of nanotechnology-based approaches that generate or release O2 continuously to overcome hypoxia in TME have showed promising results to improve the efficacy of ROS-generated cancer therapy.
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