Abstract
Designing of nanomaterials has now become a top-priority research goal with a view to developing specific applications in the biomedical fields. In fact, the recent trends in the literature show that there is a lack of in-depth reviews that specifically highlight the current knowledge based on the design and production of nanomaterials. Considerations of size, shape, surface charge and microstructures are important factors in this regard as they affect the performance of nanoparticles (NPs). These parameters are also found to be dependent on their synthesis methods. The characterisation techniques that have been used for the investigation of these nanomaterials are relatively different in their concepts, sample preparation methods and obtained results. Consequently, this review article aims to carry out an in-depth discussion on the recent trends on nanomaterials for biomedical engineering, with a particular emphasis on the choices of the nanomaterials, preparation methods/instruments and characterisations techniques used for designing of nanomaterials. Key applications of these nanomaterials, such as tissue regeneration, medication delivery and wound healing, are also discussed briefly. Covering this knowledge gap will result in a better understanding of the role of nanomaterial design and subsequent larger-scale applications in terms of both its potential and difficulties.
Highlights
Nano (n) is a prefix that is used to describe 10−9 of any parameter
quantum dots (QDs) can be defined as any materials that possess higher electrical and optical properties in their nanoscale (2–10 nm) compared to their largescale, which makes them highly recommended for semiconductor applications
Other applications of nanobubbles apart from cancer treatment include their use as a carrier for non-viral vectors for the treatment of some diseases [51] or the diagnosis of some diseases with the help of ultrasound imaging [52,53], and they are being tried as a remedial measure for clot removal in a vascular framework combined with ultrasound
Summary
Nano (n) is a prefix that is used to describe 10−9 of any parameter. For example, the nucleus diameter of lead (Pb) is ~0.35 nm. Nanotechnologies deal with the arrangement, depiction, design and usages of structures, devices and systems by controlling the shape and size of particles in nanometre-scale materials such as NPs [5]. There is a general lack of critical review that disseminates the relevant knowledge for the design of NPs’ shapes and sizes and their synthesis methodologies and characterisation techniques for commercial biomedical applications, i.e., outside the typical small-scale laboratory experiments. We attribute this gap in discussion to numerous difficulties associated with the commercial-scale (bulk) production of nanomaterials for biomedical applications. To focus the discussion in the paper, we do not consider semimetals (or metalloids) and lanthanides that are used for medical applications sometimes
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