Abstract
PurposeThis research was performed to evaluate the antibacterial and health-promoting potentials of nanoliposome-encapsulated phenolic-rich fraction (PRF) from Alcea rosea leaves, as a dietary phytobiotic, in mice as challenged by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli; O157: H7).MethodThe PEF was encapsulated in nanoliposomes (PEF-NLs), and the phenolic profiling of PEF-NLs was confirmed by HPLC. Next, 40 white male balb/c mice were assigned to four treatment groups to assess the antibacterial potential of PEF-NLs by measuring the blood parameters and the liver’s lipid peroxidation in the mice as a result of the infection caused by E. coli. Finally, the expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were determined in the miceʼs ileum tissues. A real-time PCR was used to analyze the relative fold changes in the population of E. coli in the ileum.ResultsThe overall results demonstrated that the nanoliposome-loaded PRF contained gallic acid, salicylic acid, pyrogallol, cinnamic acid, catechin, naringin, and ferulic acid. The E. coli intervention impaired the mice's weight gain, food intake, liver enzymes, lipid peroxidation, and the ileum’s morphometric characteristics. The challenge also upregulated the inflammatory genes (COX2, iNOS), downregulated the antioxidant-related genes (SOD and GPx), and increased the population of E. coli in the ileum. The dietary inclusion of the nonencapsulated PRF and the nanoliposome-encapsulated PRF, at the concentration of 10 mg TPC/kg BW/day, improved these parameters. However, compared to nonencapsulated PRF, the nanoliposome-encapsulated PRF appeared to be more effective in improving the health parameters in mice.ConclusionAs a promising phytobiotic, the nanoliposome-encapsulated PRF could play a critical role against the E. coli infection in mice probably due to the increase in the higher intestinal solubility, bioavailability, and absorption of phenolic compounds encapsulated in the nanoliposome carrier.
Highlights
Various antibiotics, such as β-lactams, chloramphenicol, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, macrolides, glycopeptides, quinolones, streptogramins, oxazolidinones, lipopeptides, and mutilins, have been developed to cure infectious diseases (Fischbach and Walsh 2009)
As a promising phytobiotic, the nanoliposome-encapsulated phenolic-rich fraction (PRF) could play a critical role against the E. coli infection in mice probably due to the increase in the higher intestinal solubility, bioavailability, and absorption of phenolic compounds encapsulated in the nanoliposome carrier
Fractionation and total phenolic determination The fractionation, using different polarity solvents, resulted in the extraction of a large amount of phenolic compounds from the A. rosea leaves in different quantities, with the highest phenolic compounds detected in ethyl acetate fraction 26.1 ± 4.36 followed by n-butanol (16.7 ± 3.29) > water (12.6 ± 3.94) > chloroform (8.3 ± 2.76) > hexane (7.5 ± 2.63) mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g DW of the extract, respectively
Summary
Various antibiotics, such as β-lactams, chloramphenicol, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, macrolides, glycopeptides, quinolones, streptogramins, oxazolidinones, lipopeptides, and mutilins, have been developed to cure infectious diseases (Fischbach and Walsh 2009). The increase is mainly attributed to the development of antibiotic-resistant strains, including, but not limited to, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella dysenteriae, and Salmonella typhi (Hwang et al 2017; Vadhana et al 2015) Such antibiotic resistance may cause higher drug prices and mortality rates (Friedman et al 2016; Frieri et al 2017); it has spearheaded the search for new alternative sources of antimicrobial agents that are effective, yet cheap and accessible, and that possess few to no undesirable side-effects, such as bioactive constitutes of plants (Górniak et al 2019; Gutiérrez-delRío et al 2018; Mostafa et al 2018). Several studies have shown that natural products contain higher chemical novelty than chemically-synthesized products; this, in turn, underscores the need to conduct further research on active compounds, such as flavonoid and phenolic compounds, in plants These compounds have been reported to play a significant role, as antimicrobial agents, in therapeutic applications. They offer major opportunities for finding new lightweight molecules that are active against microbes (Anand et al 2019; Hadi et al 2017)
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