“Nano-in-Micro” Structured Dry Powder Inhalers for pulmonary delivery: Advances and challenges

Abstract

Pulmonary delivery is a common treatment that is used for systemic efficacy in addition to being an alternative for the treatment of lung disorders locally. This is especially true for the dry powder inhaler, which has recently been the focus of research and development for pulmonary inhalation preparations. It is frequently challenging to construct lung inhalation preparations due to the intricacy of lung structure. Nanotechnology offers a viable formulation approach for the inhalation drug. This could be a way to get around the many biological and physical barriers in the lungs keeping them in the lungs longer and increasing their bioavailability. The review discusses the impact of “Nano-in-Micro” Structured Dry Powder Inhalers prepared using freeze-drying, spray-drying, and spray-freeze-drying techniques for the treatment of lung diseases. We believe that nanomaterials, especially inhaled nano-micron formulations, have good prospects for application in lung diseases. However, we emphasize that the toxic side effects of bio-nanomaterials must be considered along with the application of these emerging drugs.