Abstract
Natural compounds are emerging as effective agents for the treatment of malignant diseases. The active constituent of α-mangostin from the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana L. has earned significant interest as a plant base compound with anticancer properties. Despite α-mangostin’s superior properties as an anticancer agent, its applications are limited due to its poor solubility and physicochemical stability, rapid systemic clearance, and low cellular uptake. Our review aimed to summarize and discuss the nanoparticle formulations of α-mangostin for cancer drug delivery systems from published papers recorded in Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar. We investigated various types of α-mangostin nanoformulations to improve its anticancer efficacy by improving bioavailability, cellular uptake, and localization to specific areas These nanoformulations include nanofibers, lipid carrier nanostructures, solid lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, nanomicelles, liposomes, and gold nanoparticles. Notably, polymeric nanoparticles and nanomicelles can increase the accumulation of α-mangostin into tumors and inhibit tumor growth in vivo. In addition, polymeric nanoparticles with the addition of target ligands can increase the cellular uptake of α-mangostin. In conclusion, nanoformulations of α-mangostin are a promising tool to enhance the cellular uptake, accumulation in cancer cells, and the efficacy of α-mangostin as a candidate for anticancer drugs.
Highlights
Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally and was responsible for an estimated 9.6 million worldwide deaths in 2018 [1]
The findings revealed that a concentration of 2 mg/cm3 had no cytotoxic effect on B16F10 melanoma, but a higher concentration of α-mangostin inhibited growth and caused changes in cell morphology that suggested membrane damage in B16F10 melanoma and MCF-7 breast cancer cells
These findings are associated with α-mangostin’s cytotoxicity, confirming that α-mangostin-loaded nanoparticles and α-mangostin have antitumor action against colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. It concluded that chitosan/alginate nanoparticles crosslinked with genipin could be promising candidates for a controlled release drug delivery system of α-mangostin to the large intestine [77]
Summary
Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally and was responsible for an estimated 9.6 million worldwide deaths in 2018 [1]. Anticancer drugs are the current choice for the treatment of metastatic cancer, because they can reach every organ in the body through the bloodstream [7] Anticancer drugs such as chemotherapy have many limitations, including the high incidence of side effects, Pharmaceutics 2021, 13, 1993. Α-mangostin has some physicochemical properties drawback, especially limited water solubility, resulting in poor absorption and low bioavailability on intravenous and oral administration, which can affect its effectiveness as an anticancer therapeutic agent [34,35,36] To overcome those limitations, nanoparticles or nano-structured materials were introduced as a drug delivery system as an alternative to conventional drug delivery systems to achieve high water solubility and specific biodistribution [37,38]. This review highlights various nanotechnological approaches used for α-mangostin delivery focused on cancer therapy
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