Nanofluid convection under Hall currents and LTNE effects

Abstract

The nanofluid instability is studied under Hall currents and local thermal non-equilibrium (LTNE) effects. A mathematical approach is used to examine the problem in which nanoparticles, pressure and temperature are taken to be variable in vertical direction at the primary state. Very small amount of nanoparticles (volume fraction < 0.05) of size 1–100 nm are suspended in the fluid using either surfactant or surface charge technology which prevents the agglomeration of the particles and it is assumed that no chemical reaction takes place. The additional factors due to Hall currents and LTNE are introduced in the process of non-dimensionalization of conservation equations which influence the onset of convection significantly. The influence of different parameters is studied using normal modes and analyzed graphically using the software Mathematica for permissible range of values of various nanofluid parameters. The thermal lagging within the fluid and particle results in quickening the convection in the layer. Unlike LTE model, critical wave number gets influenced appreciably with the presence of nanoparticles through LTNE parameters.