Abstract
We report here a proposed process water treatment design guide: selection of nanofiltration membrane, membrane test for model solutions and test for pre-treated industrial process water. We also suggest a complex evaluation method, which can help in decision-making process. Membrane selection experiments showed that high flux coupled with high enough rejection is favored to shorten treatment time and perform acceptable rejection. The effect of composition was studied during constant total salt concentration and it was revealed that the DL membrane had stable flux and high rejection. In case of pre-treated industrial process water a more complex effect could be observed: the counter ions present in the feed solution, moreover the complexing agents as well as other properties of the feed could lower the membrane’s rejection, simultaneously decreasing the flux. Nanofiltration though still showed advantages, which allowed its implementation into an existing industrial scale technological chain. At a recovery rate of 0.2-0.5 all the environmental requirements could be fulfilled, and the permeate leaving the technology could be fed into the city sewer system.
Highlights
The increasing population of the world requires increased demand of water, food, energy as well as welfare products to maintain or even increase living standards of humanity
These wastewaters can be characterized according to their main constituents as: i) inorganic pollutant containing wastewaters called as process waters, or ii) organic compound-containing wastewaters
The hydration properties of nickel and zinc ions dissolved in distilled water may have an influence on rejection of DL membrane, in case of concentrated solutions, in complex, real process waters the hydration of ions seems to be the main determining factor in membrane rejection other properties such as electronegativity may influence it
Summary
The increasing population of the world requires increased demand of water, food, energy as well as welfare products to maintain or even increase living standards of humanity. This phenomenon is coupled with huge amount of wastes generated during the supply. Enormous quantity of wastewaters is generated in the industrial sector (Table 1), especially in manufacturing industries (incorporating electrochemical industry, electroplating plants, mining or food and beverage industry) These wastewaters can be characterized according to their main constituents as: i) inorganic pollutant containing wastewaters called as process waters (effluents of electrochemical industry, electroplating plants, mining), or ii) organic compound-containing wastewaters (originating from food and beverage industry)
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