Abstract
Nanotechnology, particularly nanoemulsions (NEs), have gained increasing interest from researchers throughout the years. The small-sized droplet with a high surface area makes NEs important in many industries. In this review article, the components, properties, formation, and applications are summarized. The advantages and disadvantages are also described in this article. The formation of the nanosized emulsion can be divided into two types: high and low energy methods. In high energy methods, high-pressure homogenization, microfluidization, and ultrasonic emulsification are described thoroughly. Spontaneous emulsification, phase inversion temperature (PIT), phase inversion composition (PIC), and the less known D-phase emulsification (DPE) methods are emphasized in low energy methods. The applications of NEs are described in three main areas which are food, cosmetics, and drug delivery.
Highlights
A few decades back, nanotechnology has raised interest in many industries, mainly those related to food and pharmaceutical, to deliver drug and lipophilic substances such as flavors, colors, and fatty acids [1]
In order to goes through high-pressure homogenization (HPH) at high temperatures for the hot HPH technique or room temperature for the cold obtain narrow size distribution of NEs, an additional factor can be taken into consideration
In the phase inversion temperature method (PIT), NEs are spontaneously formed by changing the temperature–time profile of the components, and prompt temperature changes hinder the occurrence of coalescence and the formation of stable NEs
Summary
A few decades back, nanotechnology has raised interest in many industries, mainly those related to food and pharmaceutical, to deliver drug and lipophilic substances such as flavors, colors, and fatty acids [1]. NEs are systems that are not at equilibrium, either oil-in-water (O/W) or water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions that are nano-sized and have droplet diameters around 50 to 1000 nm [2]. Another definition, refers NEs only to disperse systems with less than 100 nm droplets [3]. This review will cover their components and properties as well as the advantages and disadvantages of NEs. NEs are colloidal dispersions made up of two phases, an oil phase and an aqueous phase, with the help of surfactant and cosurfactants at accurate proportions. The properties of the phases and surfactant contribute significantly to the performance of NEs
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