Abstract
The indiscriminate use of antibiotics has led to the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria which has become one of the biggest challenges of the twenty-first century for the researchers to combat and in turn search for novel targets which could lead to the development of effective and sustainable therapies. Inhibition of biofilm formation and virulence of bacterial pathogens is an emerging approach to address the challenges related to bacterial infections. To suppress the virulence and biofilm formation by Escherichia coli O157:H7 (ECOH), we developed stable nanoemulsion (NE) of Gaultheria fragrantissima Wall. essential oil’s (EO) bioactive compounds, viz., eugenol (E-NE) and methyl salicylate (MS-NE) that showed significantly higher anti-biofilm and anti-virulence activities as compared to eugenol and methyl salicylate without affecting ECOH planktonic cell growth. Transcriptional analysis showed that E-NE and MS-NE reduced the expression of genes, including curli, type I fimbriae, Shiga-like toxins, quorum sensing, and ler-controlled toxins, which are needed for biofilm formation, pathogenicity, and attachment. E-NE and MS-NE loaded hydrogel coatings showed superior anti-biofilm activity against ECOH on glass, plastic and meat surfaces as compared to eugenol and methyl salicylate loaded coatings. Conclusively, NE-loaded hydrogel coatings could be used in combating ECOH infection on solid surfaces through anti-biofilm and anti-virulence strategies.
Highlights
Escherichia coli O157:H7 (ECOH) is one of the Shiga toxin–producing serotype that causes hemorrhagic colitis, bloody diarrhea, kidney failure, and abdominal cramps[1]
Oil in water (O/W) type NEs were prepared from essential oil (EO) of wild G. fragrantissima (WGF) leaves and commercial grade EO of G. fragrantissima (CGF) using Tween-80, propylene glycol, and distilled water (DW)
E. coli infection is a major problem worldwide owing to the emergence of multi-drug resistance biofilms and due to the lack of effective therapy
Summary
Escherichia coli O157:H7 (ECOH) is one of the Shiga toxin–producing serotype that causes hemorrhagic colitis, bloody diarrhea, kidney failure, and abdominal cramps[1]. ECOH can survive in adverse conditions including low-moisture environments and has the capability to develop resistance to antibiotic[4]. Bacterial biofilms are amorphous and dynamic mono- or poly-microbial structures adhering to living or non-living surfaces[5]. This adaptation is a common survival strategy used by bacteria to shield from antimicrobial agents and provides resistance from host immune clearance. ECOH has the ability to form antibiotic-resistant biofilms on solid surfaces, including, plastic, glass, and meat[13]. Due to its volatile nature, low bioavailability and high degradation rate, the real application of G. fragrantissima EOs is limited
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