Nanoelectrospray Ion Mobility Spectrometry Online with Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry for Sizing Large Proteins, DNA, and Nanoparticles

Abstract

Recently it has been demonstrated that nanoelectrospray (nES) in conjunction with macro-ion mobility spectrometry (macroIMS) and condensed particle detection can be used to size various types of nanoparticles, including large biomolecules (proteins, DNA, etc.), having electrophoretic mobility diameters ranging from 3 nm to well over 100 nm. The technique is extremely sensitive; however, it lacks specificity as a result of the detector used. To explore the possibility to overcome this limitation, we demonstrate the direct coupling of the nES-macroIMS system to an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICPMS). Technical challenges involving the coupling of the air-based nES-macroIMS with the argon-based ICPMS are addressed and overcome. The resulting novel hyphenated technique is used to determine the elemental composition of nanoparticles resulting from the electrospraying of solutions containing inorganic salts and acids (CsI and dimethylarsinic acid). Even though the sensitivity of the used ICPMS does not allow for the simultaneous sizing of proteins and the determination of their metal, metalloid, or halogen content, we have shown that it is feasible to detect and accurately size proteins at femtomole levels by adding CsI to their solutions and detecting the resulting Cs adducts. This is also possible with DNA molecules. A linear relationship between protein amount and ICPMS response for (133)Cs(+) is observed, thus hinting at the possibility of further developing the technique for quantitative analysis of large biomolecules.