Nanocrystalline cellulose prepared by double oxidation as reinforcement in polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels

Abstract

Abstract As a biopolymer with high mechanical strength, nanocellulose was increasingly studied to improve polymer properties. In this study, nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) was efficiently isolated from eucalyptus pulp by double oxidation (ammonium persulfate oxidation and ultrasonic oxidation). The total yield of NCC (405.1 ± 180.5 nm long and 31.7 ± 9.5 nm wide) was 38.3%. A novel hybrid hydrogel was produced from polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and NCC using the freeze-thaw technique. In this hybrid architecture, hydrogen bonds were formed between PVA and NCC. With the increasing proportion of NCC, the pore size of hydrogels shank gradually and the structure of the hybrid hydrogels became denser. The tensile strength of PVA/NCC hybrid hydrogels increased by 42.4% compared to the neat PVA hydrogel. The results showed that NCC can improve the swelling, thermal properties, and water evaporation rate of PVA hydrogels due to the hydrophilic hydroxyl groups of NCC and hydrogen bonds between PVA and NCC, indicating that PVA hydrogels would have a wider range of application due to the existence of NCC, a green hybrid filler. Most importantly, this novel double oxidation method for preparing nanocellulose will promote an efficient production of nanocellulose.