Nanocomposites Based on Nanoparticles from Agricultural Wastes

Abstract

Agricultural waste refers to those low-value or rarely used materials generated from agricultural operations. Traditionally, they are used as manure for farmlands, feed for animals, and other low-value activities. This chapter details the different types of agricultural wastes derived from agricultural operations and how they are categorised. The processes involved in converting these wastes into nanoparticles are also discussed. Composites are materials that consist of a matrix and a reinforcement that gives a distinct property that cannot be obtained from any of the materials. The distinction that exists between a normal polymer composite and a polymer nanocomposite in terms of particle size and structure is analysed while the methods used to process these polymer nanocomposites like direct mixing, sol-gel methods, are explained together with the strategies to improve even dispersion of the nanoparticles. The properties and applications of agricultural waste particle reinforced polymers are enumerated. Some of the techniques used to characterise these polymer nanocomposites are described while the structure and properties of polymer nanocomposites are detailed. The properties analysed include mechanical properties, barrier properties, thermal properties, microstructural properties, and dimensional stability. The areas of applications are presented in sectors like automotive, construction, electronics and packaging, electronics and semiconductors, energy, construction, cosmetics, etc. The merits and demerits of producing polymer nanocomposites from waste agricultural products are discussed. An analysis of the cost of a normal polymer composite and polymer nanocomposite from agricultural waste is presented. Finally, the future direction of polymer nanocomposites, especially those from agricultural waste particles, is discussed.