Nanocoating with titanium reduces iC3b- and granulocyte-activating immune response against glutaraldehyde-fixed bovine pericardium: A new technique to improve biologic heart valve prosthesis durability?

Abstract

An IgG and granulocyte-activating immune response with secondary dystrophic calcification might be the reason glutaraldehyde (GA)-fixed xenograft valves fail, especially in young patients, who are more immunocompetent than the elderly. Titanium nanocoating on GA-fixed bovine pericardium was tested for its ability to prevent major immunoreactions. The immune activity of platelets from GA-fixed bovine pericardium with different treatment procedures was evaluated using the blood from 5 human donors: group I (n = 5), GA fixed as the control; group 2 (n = 5), detoxified with 10% citric acid; group 3 (n = 5), 10% citric acid, aldehyde-dehydrogenase, and a physical plasma treatment; and group 4 (n = 5), treated the same as group 3, but with an additional titanium coat 30 nm in thickness. Titanium deposition was visualized using scanning electron microscopy. IgG deposits (iC3b) were shown by immunostaining and documented as colored pixels (red). The pixels were evaluated electronically. Attracted granulocytes (polymorphonuclear leukocytes) were counted in front of the titanium-coated surface. IC3b deposits and polymorphonuclear leukocytes within control group 1 were defined as 100%; in group 2, iC3b was 149% ± 34% and polymorphonuclear leukocytes were 89%, in group 3, IC3b was 102% ± 24% and polymorphonuclear leukocytes were 47%; and in group 4, IC3b had decreased to 38.49% ± 21% (P < .05) and polymorphonuclear leukocyte activation had decreased to 6.3% (P ≤ .01). Titanium coating significantly reduced the iC3b and granulocyte activating immune response of GA-fixed pericardium. Therefore, it might prevent relevant immunorejection and increase the durability of GA-fixed bioprosthetic heart valves.