Abstract
Nanocellulose deserves special attention among the large group of biocompatible biomaterials. It exhibits good mechanical properties, which qualifies it for potential use as a scaffold imitating cartilage. However, the reconstruction of cartilage is a big challenge due to this tissue's limited regenerative capacity resulting from its lack of vascularization, innervations, and sparsely distributed chondrocytes. This feature restricts the infiltration of progenitor cells into damaged sites. Unfortunately, differentiated chondrocytes are challenging to obtain, and mesenchymal stem cells have become an alternative approach to promote chondrogenesis. Importantly, nanocellulose scaffolds induce the differentiation of stem cells into chondrocyte phenotypes. In this review, we present the recent progress of nanocellulose-based scaffolds promoting the development of cartilage tissue, especially within the emphasis on chondrogenic differentiation and expansion.
Highlights
Despite possessing remarkable mechanical properties, articular cartilage has very limited regeneration capacity resulting from the lack of vascularization, lymphangion, innervations, and restricted infiltration of local progenitor cells
Group 1 was sacrificed on day 60, whereas group 2 had their skin-bearing construct uncovered on day 60 and were sacrificed on day 75 human nasoseptal chondrocytes (hNCs) and hBM-mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) or hNCs and human SVFderived stem cells from abdominal lipoaspirate mixed with nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC)/alginate bioink were 3D bioprinted into 6 mm × 6 mm × 1.2 mm grid and
Cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP) dissolved using various combinations of solvents hBM-MSCs were grown in pellet cultures or seeded on NaCS/gelatine scaffolds up to 56 days hBM-MSCs were cultured on partially sulfated cellulose (pSC)/gelatine scaffolds up to 56 days hBM-MSCs were cultured on pSC/gelatine scaffolds up to 56 days
Summary
Despite possessing remarkable mechanical properties, articular cartilage has very limited regeneration capacity resulting from the lack of vascularization, lymphangion, innervations, and restricted infiltration of local progenitor cells. The available treatment options for articular cartilage damage include pharmacological intervention, primarily used for pain management and reducing stiffness, and surgical approaches to treat more advanced stages of cartilage injuries. Common surgical interventions such as chondroplasty, microfracture, or drilling are effective only for minor defects and provide the relatively short-term functional improvement of joint mobility and reducing pain (Davies and Kuiper, 2019). ACI was a breakthrough in the treatment of large articular cartilage defects. In this two-step procedure, chondrocytes are isolated from healthy cartilage (bioptate) and collected arthroscopically, expanded in vitro for 2–3 weeks as a monolayer, and embedded into the patient’s damaged tissue with periosteum (Zylińska et al, 2018). Long-term results for first-generation ACI were generally poor, with no significant difference in comparison with microfracture. 20-years follow-up
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