Abstract
Nanocellulose is a renewable material that combines a high surface area with high strength, chemical inertness, and versatile surface chemistry. In this review, we will briefly describe how nanocellulose is produced, and present—in particular, how nanocellulose and its surface modified versions affects the adsorption behavior of important water pollutants, e.g., heavy metal species, dyes, microbes, and organic molecules. The processing of nanocellulose-based membranes and filters for water purification will be described in detail, and the uptake capacity, selectivity, and removal efficiency will also be discussed. The processing and performance of nanocellulose-based membranes, which combine a high removal efficiency with anti-fouling properties, will be highlighted.
Highlights
Membranes and filters can be used to separate different chemical species by allowing some species to pass while other are stopped [1,2]
Previous studies show that carboxylated Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) display a pH dependency for cationic dye adsorption that are similar to those previously described for cationic metallic species, i.e., a decrease of the maximum uptake at a low pH (
Multilayer membranes with a mixture of nanocelluloses have been produced by vacuum-filtration of cellulose nanofiber (CNF) suspensions, followed by dip coating the thin films into a dispersion of cellulose nanocrystals with sulfate or carboxyl surface groups [91]
Summary
Membranes and filters can be used to separate different chemical species by allowing some species to pass while other are stopped [1,2]. Nanocellulose with a high degree of crystallinity is chemically inert in filters, in order to selectively remove contaminants from industrial and drinking waters. 4 m2 /g [15].groups, This increase in surface area can is related to an increase in the for availability of the hydroxyl groups and phosphonate groups be grafted onto nanocellulose the selective uptake of on the surface of nanocellulose, where functional groups or molecules can be grafted using, for example, carboxylation, sulfonation, (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl (TEMPO)-mediated oxidation, phosphorylation, esterification, etherification, silyation, and amidation [6,16,17,18,19]. Processing routes to produce nanocellulose-based membranes with tailored pore sizes and mechanical stability are described in detailed, and the structural and chemical properties are related to the rejection rate, adsorption capacity, and selectivity of the membranes
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