Abstract
Direct electron transfer (DET)-capable oxidoreductases are enzymes that have the ability to transfer/receive electrons directly to/from solid surfaces or nanomaterials, bypassing the need for an additional electron mediator. More than 100 enzymes are known to be capable of working in DET conditions; however, to this day, DET-capable enzymes have been mainly used in designing biofuel cells and biosensors. The rapid advance in (semi) conductive nanomaterial development provided new possibilities to create enzyme-nanoparticle catalysts utilizing properties of DET-capable enzymes and demonstrating catalytic processes never observed before. Briefly, such nanocatalysts combine several cathodic and anodic catalysis performing oxidoreductases into a single nanoparticle surface. Hereby, to the best of our knowledge, we present the first review concerning such nanocatalytic systems involving DET-capable oxidoreductases. We outlook the contemporary applications of DET-capable enzymes, present a principle of operation of nanocatalysts based on DET-capable oxidoreductases, provide a review of state-of-the-art (nano) catalytic systems that have been demonstrated using DET-capable oxidoreductases, and highlight common strategies and challenges that are usually associated with those type catalytic systems. Finally, we end this paper with the concluding discussion, where we present future perspectives and possible research directions.
Highlights
Direct electron transfer (DET)-capable oxidoreductases are enzymes that have the ability to transfer/receive electrons directly to/from solid surfaces or nanomaterials, bypassing the need for an additional electron mediator
The enzymatic catalysis approach inheres several flaws: enzymes can be unstable during the catalytic process and require stabilization solutions [6], and the enzyme–substrate/product separation comes with difficulties [7]
We described the potential benefits of catalytic systems based on DETdemonstrated by Figure 9B,C, the activity of designed catalysts may be acceptable and even capable oxidoreductases; there are many unresolved challenges that limit their possible comparable to the activity of the separate enzymes
Summary
Direct electron transfer (DET)-capable oxidoreductases are enzymes that have the ability to transfer/receive electrons directly to/from solid surfaces or nanomaterials, bypassing the need for an additional electron mediator. The rapid advance in (semi) conductive nanomaterial development provided new possibilities to create enzyme-nanoparticle catalysts utilizing properties of DET-capable enzymes and demonstrating catalytic processes never observed before. Such nanocatalysts combine several cathodic and anodic catalysis performing oxidoreductases into a single nanoparticle surface. We outlook the contemporary applications of DET-capable enzymes, present a principle of operation of nanocatalysts based on DET-capable oxidoreductases, provide a review of state-of-the-art (nano) catalytic systems that have been demonstrated using. A number of various catalysts were synthesized using enzymes and nanomaterials for various applications, for example, glucose oxidase (GOx) and urease were immobilized in mesoporous silica nanoparticles in order to control the pH of target medium [26], GOx and peroxidase were immobilized using polystyrene for cascade reaction [27], and organophosphorus hydrolase was immobilized using a metal–organic framework for the degradation of organophosphate nerve agents [28], among other examples [29,30,31]
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