Nanocarriers-Assisted Needle-Free Vaccine Delivery Through Oral and Intranasal Transmucosal Routes: A Novel Therapeutic Conduit.

Kanchan Kohli,Shamama Javed,Geeta Aggarwal,Muhammad H Sultan,Waquar Ahsan,Bharti Mangla

doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.757761

Kanchan Kohli, Shamama Javed + Show 4 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.757761

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Abstract

Drug delivery using oral route is the most popular, convenient, safest and least expensive approach. It includes oral transmucosal delivery of bioactive compounds as the mucosal cavity offers an intriguing approach for systemic drug distribution. Owing to the dense vascular architecture and high blood flow, oral mucosal layers are easily permeable and can be an ideal site for drug administration. Recently, the transmucosal route is being investigated for other therapeutic candidates such as vaccines for their efficient delivery. Vaccines have the potential to trigger immune reactions and can act as both prophylactic and therapeutic conduit to a variety of diseases. Administration of vaccines using transmucosal route offers multiple advantages, the most important one being the needle-free (non-invasive) delivery. Development of needle-free devices are the most recent and pioneering breakthrough in the delivery of drugs and vaccines, enabling patients to avoid needles, reducing anxiety, pain and fear as well as improving compliance. Oral, nasal and aerosol vaccination is a novel immunization approach that utilizes a nanocarrier to administer the vaccine. Nanocarriers improve the bioavailability and serve as adjuvants to elicit a stronger immune response, resulting in increased effectiveness of vaccination. Drugs and vaccines with lower penetration abilities can also be delivered transmucosally while maintaining their biological function. The development of micro/nanocarriers for transmucosal delivery of macromolecules, vaccines and other substances is currently drawing much attention and a number of studies were performed recently. This comprehensive review is aimed to summarize the most recent investigations on needle-free and non-invasive approaches for the delivery of vaccines using oral transmucosal route, their strengths and associated challenges. The oral transmucosal vaccine delivery by nanocarriers is the most upcoming advancement in efficient vaccine delivery and this review would help further research and trials in this field.

Highlights

The world has a long history of global disease outbreaks such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2003, Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 causing swine flu in 2009–2010, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in 2012, and the very recent coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19)
The COVID-19 is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has been declared as a potential threat and pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO)
Safe and effective substances that enhance the buccal permeation and absorption are vital for the development of buccal drug delivery systems

Summary

INTRODUCTION

The world has a long history of global disease outbreaks such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2003, Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 causing swine flu in 2009–2010, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in 2012, and the very recent coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). Enhanced bioavailability projected by transmucosal route is due to the direct contact between drugs and mucosal membranes (Madhav et al, 2009) Given these advantages, vaccine injections can be replaced with needle-free oral nanovaccine delivery systems for the improvement of patient compliance. Oral transmucosal medication delivery using vaccinology systems provide a number of advantages, including high patient compliance, cheap cost, convenience of administration, and the ability to prevent first-pass metabolism. Vaccination through the nasal route stimulates mucosal and systemic immune responses and is feasible for mass vaccination It is a needle–free, syringe–free, cost-effective approach for vaccination which reduces the chances of opportunistic infections. Intranasal vaccination using dry powder vaccine formulation has emerged as a convenient and non-invasive way to protect mucosal surfaces and to improve the storage stability (Thakkar et al, 2018)

METHODS

Findings

CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES