Abstract
Drug-resistant species of tuberculosis (TB), which spread faster than traditiona TB, is a severely infectious disease. The conventional drug therapy used in the management of tuberculosis has several challenges linked with adverse effects. Hence, nanotherapeutics served as an emerging technique to overcome problems associated with current treatment. Nanotherapeutics helps to overcome toxicity and poor solubility issues of several drugs used in the management of tuberculosis. Due to their diameter and surface chemistry, nanocarriers encapsulated with antimicrobial drugs are readily taken up by macrophages. Macrophages play a crucial role as they serve as target sites for active and passive targeting for nanocarriers. The surface of the nanocarriers is coated with ligand-specific receptors, which further enhances drug concentration locally and indicates the therapeutic potential of nanocarriers. This review highlights tuberculosis’s current facts, figures, challenges associated with conventional treatment, different nanocarrier-based systems, and its application in vaccine development.
Highlights
Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), which is passed from person to person through droplets generated by infected people (Sinha et al, 2016; World Health Organization (WHO), 2020)
According to the World Health Organization’s (WHO) annual 2020 global TB report, an estimated 10 million people were infected with tuberculosis in 2019, with 1.2 million fatalities, making it one of the world’s most infectious diseases (WHO, 2020)
multi-drug resistance (MDR) is the resistance of Mtb strains to at least rifampicin and isoniazid, which are considered cornerstone compounds for managing TB
Summary
The current treatments are restricted because of low effectiveness, more toxicity (hepatotoxicity), extended duration, patient noncompliance, development of multi-drug resistance (MDR), and extensively drug resistance (XDR) tuberculosis. The development of novel drug delivery methods could serve as promising systems in treating MDR/XDR tuberculosis (Dua et al, 2018). A pharmacokinetics study of developed formulation in rats showed a significant increase (160–710%) in oral absorption and bioavailability compared to pure STRS (Singh et al, 2021).
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