Abstract
Emerging nanomaterials providing benefits in sensitivity, specificity and cost-effectiveness are being widely investigated for biosensors in the application of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) diagnosis. Core biomarkers amyloid-beta (Aβ) and Tau have been considered as key neuropathological hallmarks of AD. However, they did not sufficiently reflect clinical severity and therapeutic response, proving the difficulty of the Aβ- and Tau-targeting therapies in clinical trials. In recent years, there has still been a shortage of sensors for non-Aβ-Tau pathophysiological biomarkers that serve as advanced reporters for the early diagnosis of AD, predict AD progression, and monitor the treatment response. Nanomaterial-based sensors measuring multiple non-Aβ-Tau biomarkers could improve the capacity of AD progression characterization and supervised treatment, facilitating the comprehensive management of AD. This is the first review to principally represent current nanobiosensors for non-Aβ-Tau biomarker and that strategically deliberates future perspectives on the merit of non-Aβ-Tau biomarkers, in combination with Aβ and Tau, for the accurate diagnosis and prognosis of AD.
Highlights
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized as a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that causes memory deficits and cognitive impairment
This review primarily focuses on the nanobiosensors of non-Aβ-Tau biomarkers for the potential improvement of the diagnosis and monitoring of AD progression and therapeutic effect
Practical monitoring approaches for AD have been mainly developed based on Aβ and Tau detection due to their most diagnostic value in the early stages of AD
Summary
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized as a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that causes memory deficits and cognitive impairment. The sustained inflammatory response in the AD patient brain emerged as third core pathology which contributes to the onset and progression of AD, suggesting that it is a feasible target for therapeutic intervention [4]. The accurate prediction of disease progression and therapeutic response does not consistently rely on the fluctuation of Aβ and Tau levels, limiting the beneficial efficacy of Aβ and Tau in AD management. Diagnostic tools for non-Aβ-Tau biomarkers as advanced reporters in cooperation with Aβ and Tau detection are essential to enable the early diagnosis, accurate observation of progression and therapeutic effects of AD. Non-Aβ-Tau biomarkers have been considered less attractive to investigate nanomaterial-based sensors for monitoring AD progression and therapeutic effects. This review primarily focuses on the nanobiosensors of non-Aβ-Tau biomarkers for the potential improvement of the diagnosis and monitoring of AD progression and therapeutic effect.
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