Abstract
Breakthroughs in the biomedical and regenerative therapy fields have led to the influential ability of stem cells to differentiate into specific types of cells that enable the replacement of injured tissues/organs in the human body. Non-destructive identification of stem cell differentiation is highly necessary to avoid losses of differentiated cells, because most of the techniques generally used as confirmation tools for the successful differentiation of stem cells can result in valuable cells becoming irrecoverable. Regarding this issue, recent studies reported that both Raman spectroscopy and electrochemical sensing possess excellent characteristics for monitoring the behavior of stem cells, including differentiation. In this review, we focus on numerous studies that have investigated the detection of stem cell pluripotency and differentiation in non-invasive and non-destructive manner, mainly by using the Raman and electrochemical methods. Through this review, we present information that could provide scientific or technical motivation to employ or further develop these two techniques for stem cell research and its application.
Highlights
In recent decades, stem cells have attracted considerable attention in biomedical applications for regenerative medicine and therapy, owing to their powerful ability to differentiate into a wide range of specific cell types in the human body [1,2,3]
Gold nanostar has been used as the SERS substrate, and HB1.F3 cells have been used for neural stem cells (NSCs)
Regarding the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into specific lineages, it is worthwhile utilizing analytical techniques, which should be friendly to the valuable differentiated cells that are produced during the differentiation process
Summary
Stem cells have attracted considerable attention in biomedical applications for regenerative medicine and therapy, owing to their powerful ability to differentiate into a wide range of specific cell types in the human body [1,2,3]. Valuable differentiation factors or other molecules to support the generation of specific cells are required [14], and the differentiated cells undergo certain destructive or invasive techniques to confirm their differentiation. This condition can prevent the implementation of differentiated cells for clinical treatment because the cells are irretrievable after analysis. Numerous studies have evaluated the potential of the Raman spectroscopic method in the monitoring of multipotent stem cell (e.g., MSCs and NSCs) differentiation into a specific lineage, such as osteogenesis, adipogenesis, and neurogenesis, even at the single cell level [17,21,22].
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