Abstract
Recent advancement has been accomplished in the field of biosensors through the modification of cellulose as a nano-engineered matrix material. To date, various techniques have been reported to develop cellulose-based matrices for fabricating different types of biosensors. Trends of involving cellulosic materials in paper-based multiplexing devices and microfluidic analytical technologies have increased because of their disposable, portable, biodegradable properties and cost-effectiveness. Cellulose also has potential in the development of cytosensors because of its various unique properties including biocompatibility. Such cellulose-based sensing devices are also being commercialized for various biomedical diagnostics in recent years and have also been considered as a method of choice in clinical laboratories and personalized diagnosis. In this paper, we have discussed the engineering aspects of cellulose-based sensors that have been reported where such matrices have been used to develop various analytical modules for the detection of small molecules, metal ions, macromolecules, and cells present in a diverse range of samples. Additionally, the developed cellulose-based biosensors and related analytical devices have been comprehensively described in tables with details of the sensing molecule, readout system, sensor configuration, response time, real sample, and their analytical performances.
Highlights
Cellulose is a biopolymer of β-1,4 D-glucose units, a widely used biomaterial that exhibits unique properties and is used in various industries including textiles, electronics, biomedical, etc. [1]
Cellulose has been widely used in the immobilization of different molecules, in wound healing, tissue engineering [13,14,15], and has tremendous applications in flexible printed bioelectronics [16]
Further modification of cellulose with the nanostructures leads to its application as a matrix material for biosensor fabrication, which is generally called “nanocellulose”
Summary
Cellulose is a biopolymer of β-1,4 D-glucose units, a widely used biomaterial that exhibits unique properties and is used in various industries including textiles, electronics, biomedical, etc. [1]. Cellulose is a biopolymer of β-1,4 D-glucose units, a widely used biomaterial that exhibits unique properties and is used in various industries including textiles, electronics, biomedical, etc. Due to its structural form, cellulose exhibits unique properties such as high young’s modulus, biocompatibility, biodegradability, high mechanical strength, transparency, and thermal stability, which allows high chemical modifications [7,8,9]. Cellulose has been widely used in the immobilization of different molecules, in wound healing, tissue engineering [13,14,15], and has tremendous applications in flexible printed bioelectronics [16]. Further modification of cellulose with the nanostructures leads to its application as a matrix material for biosensor fabrication, which is generally called “nanocellulose”. Whileetthheesstutuddieisesononceclelulluosloe-sbea-bseadsebdiobseionsseonrssocorsntcionnutei,nmuaej,omr aadjovranacdevsahnacveesbheaevne been aacchhiieevved iinn tthhiiss fifeielldd. TThhuuss, wwee hhaavvee ppeerrffoorrmed a sscciieenntiffiic ssurveeyy for tthe rreessearchh documdoencutamtieonntactioonncceornncienrgnicnegllcuelloluselo-sbea-sbeadsesdesnesnosrosrsththrorouugghhtthhee oonnlliinneeddaatatabbasaese“S“cSocpoupsu”,s”, the rtehseulrteosuf lwt hoficwhhisicqhuiisteqauictoenavcinoncivnignciinndgicinadtoicratthoarttchealtlucleollsuel-obsaes-ebdasbeidosbeionsseonrssohrsavheavgeained a mgaaijnoerdfoacumsaijonrrfeocceunstitnimreecsencot ntismideesrcionngstidheeririnmg uthlteiipromteunlttipabotielintiteasb. iAlitciceos.rdAicncgortdointhgistosurvey, itthwisassufrovueyn,dittwhaatsmfoournedtthhaant m70o0r0e trheasnea7r0c0h0arretsiecalercshhaarvtieclbeseehnavpeubbeleisnhpeudbilnishthede linastthdeecade, fianslhnosaataalpslrmnvtoeoeopcwddbtleuseiilcnoicfmasetgotdoneareargdty,tnrihnifccoeeteeholxesldenrpo.iecwonteingenipncetdttgrnsioeotosadininafuglcocneietfxnoalpdlrcsuyoprilveneoaececsstrnoesestneibf(caoiFmelorpiisgtontheuslcneerrsceedoouafe1rslt)seee.cscfe(IotFilninlloiulgtnovlhuowaoreserfeefiddoo1i)lubbvl.ioseyoIwnrrstseeheitnanhelmsgeiosrorasfnsloemealcclnptfouoiowlolleeblnisoinmsowig,neaewnstvdregeaicicrtnhbieiooeaysunev. rsseti,hrnlweeigsaiertldeedsitghne
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