Abstract
A variety of cyclodextrin-based molecular structures, with substitutions of either primary or secondary faces of the natural oligosaccharide macrocycles of α-, β-, or γ-cyclodextrins, have been designed towards innovative applications of self-assembled cyclodextrin nanomaterials. Amphiphilic cyclodextrins have been obtained by chemical or enzymatic modifications of their macrocycles using phospholipidyl, peptidolipidyl, cholesteryl, and oligo(ethylene oxide) anchors as well as variable numbers of grafted hydrophobic hydrocarbon or fluorinated chains. These novel compounds may self-assemble in an aqueous medium into different types of supramolecular nanoassemblies (vesicles, micelles, nanorods, nanospheres, and other kinds of nanoparticles and liquid crystalline structures). This review discusses the supramolecular nanoarchitectures, which can be formed by amphiphilic cyclodextrin derivatives in mixtures with other molecules (phospholipids, surfactants, and olygonucleotides). Biomedical applications are foreseen for nanoencapsulation of drug molecules in the hydrophobic interchain volumes and nanocavities of the amphiphilic cyclodextrins (serving as drug carriers or pharmaceutical excipients), anticancer phototherapy, gene delivery, as well as for protection of instable active ingredients through inclusion complexation in nanostructured media.
Highlights
Self-assembled nanomaterials of amphiphilic molecules have attracted considerable recent interest for diverse biomedical applications including the development of drug delivery systems and stimuli-responsive nanodevices [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
The first part of this review briefly presents the different classes of amphiphilic cyclodextrins
Cyclodextrin-based nanoparticles, produced by self-assembly of amphiphilic polycationic derivatives, have been investigated as carriers of siRNA in therapeutic approaches requiring gene silencing [43,44,48,63]
Summary
Self-assembled nanomaterials of amphiphilic molecules have attracted considerable recent interest for diverse biomedical applications including the development of drug delivery systems and stimuli-responsive nanodevices [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]. Synthesis of various modified cyclodextrins has been undertaken because such amphiphilic compounds may self-organize in aqueous phase to form supramolecular assemblies as drug carriers of high stability upon dilution [22,23,24,25,26,27,28]. An important feature for the drug delivery field comes from the fact that the majority of amphiphilic cyclodextrins are considered to be non-hemolytic and non-cytotoxic [40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48]. Different potential applications of the nanoassemblies formed by amphiphilic cyclodextrins upon interaction with biomolecules and other amphiphiles are outlined in the last part of the review
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