Nano voyagers: Pioneering a new frontier in cancer treatment with nanorobots as drug transporters

Abstract

Cancer remains a formidable global challenge necessitating innovative solutions for effective treatment. Tumor relapse and metastasis stay the limitations of current anticancer modalities. The emergence of nanorobots, a product of advanced nanotechnology and microfabrication techniques, has transformed cancer therapy. Drawing inspiration from the science fiction concept of "Fantastic Voyage," nanorobots enable precise interventions at the cellular level. In-built propulsion mechanisms such as endogenous chemical or enzymatic reactions, and employment of exogenous stimuli, like light, ultrasound, and magnetic fields for movement grant them access to unapproachable therapeutic targets. Biomimetic variations of nanorobots, including sperm-based, bacteria-based, and DNA-based designs harness the brilliance of nature for tumor-specific delivery. Their versatility spans chemodynamic, sonodynamic, and phototherapies, alongside groundbreaking immunotherapy. Furthermore, nanorobots excel in the detection of cancer cells and tracking biomarkers, thereby offering promising prospects for enhanced diagnosis and treatment. In this endeavor, we discuss various fabrication methods of nanorobots, their propulsion mechanism, and applications of nanorobots in cancer treatment.