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Abstract
It has been demonstrated that the content of certain amino acids in eggs is not sufficient to fully support embryonic development. One possibility to supply the embryo with extra nutrients and energy is in ovo administration of nutrients. Nanoparticles of diamond are highly biocompatible non-toxic carbonic structures, and we hypothesized that bio-complexes of diamond nanoparticles with l-glutamine may affect molecular responses in breast muscle. The objective of the investigation was to evaluate the effect of diamond nanoparticle (ND) and l-glutamine (Gln) on expression of growth and differentiation factors of chicken embryo pectoral muscles. ND, Gln, and Gln/ND solutions (50 mg/L) were injected into fertilized broiler chicken eggs at the beginning of embryogenesis. Muscle tissue was dissected at day 20 of incubation and analysed for gene expression of FGF2, VEGF-A, and MyoD1. ND and especially Gln/ND up-regulated expression of genes related to muscle cell proliferation (FGF2) and differentiation (MyoD1). Furthermore, the ratio between FGF2 and MyoD1 was highest in the Gln/ND group. At the end of embryogenesis, Gln/ND enhanced both proliferation and differentiation of pectoral muscle cells and differentiation dominated over proliferation. These preliminary results suggest that the bio-complex of glutamine and diamond nanoparticles may accelerate growth and maturation of muscle cells.
Highlights
Modern broiler lines are intensively selected for a higher growth rate and increased size of muscles, including pectoral muscles [1]
Results of expression of VEGF-A, fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), and MyoD1 genes normalized to the β-actin (ACTB) gene on the mRNA level indicated that experimental treatments influenced mRNA synthesis within chicken embryo muscles (Table 4)
This assumption was based on our previous investigations showing that nanoparticles of diamond, platinum, silver, gold and bio-complexes of nanoparticles with amino acids and ATP, when injected at the beginning of incubation, are affecting molecular responses and muscle development measured at the end of embryogenesis [3,7,13,20,21,22,23]
Summary
Modern broiler lines are intensively selected for a higher growth rate and increased size of muscles, including pectoral muscles [1]. This leads to an enhanced requirement of chicken embryos for energy and protein, and the imbalance between requirement and reserves of nutrients stored within eggs may limit maximal (according to genotype) growth and development of chicken embryos. Some authors have indicated that concentrations of certain amino acids in the egg are not sufficient to fully support embryonic development [2,3]. It has been demonstrated that one possibility to supply embryos with extra nutrients and energy could be in ovo nutrition [5,6]. It has been shown that in ovo administration of L-glutamine to chicken embryos increased mRNA and protein level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) [7], which is responsible for endothelial cell proliferation and stimulates vasculogenesis and angiogenesis [8], and affects pectoral muscles morphology [7]
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