Abstract
Chagas disease, is a vector-mediated tropical disease whose causative agent is a parasitic protozoan named Trypanosoma cruzi. It is a very severe health issue in South America and Mexico infecting millions of people every year. Protozoan T. cruzi gets transmitted to human through Triatominae, a subfamily of the Reduviidae, and do not have any effective treatment or preventative available. The lack of economic gains from this tropical parasitic infection, has always been the reason behind its negligence by researchers and drug manufacturers for many decades. Hence there is an enormous requirement for more efficient and novel strategies to reduce the fatality associated with these diseases. Even, available diagnosis protocols are outdated and inefficient and there is an urgent need for rapid high throughput diagnostics as well as management protocol. The current advancement of nanotechnology in the field of healthcare has generated hope for better management of many tropical diseases including Chagas disease. Nanoparticulate systems for drug delivery like poloxamer coated nanosuspension of benzimidazole have shown promising results in reducing toxicity, elevating efficacy and bioavailability of the active compound against the pathogen, by prolonging release, thereby increasing the therapeutic index. Moreover, nanoparticle-based drug delivery has shown promising results in inducing the host’s immune response against the pathogen with very few side effects. Besides, advances in diagnostic assays, such as nanosensors, aided in the accurate detection of the parasite. In this review, we provide an insight into the life cycle stages of the pathogen in both vertebrate host and the insect vector, along with an overview of the current therapy for Chagas disease and its limitations; nano carrier-based delivery systems for antichagasic agents, we also address the advancement of nano vaccines and nano-diagnostic techniques, for treatment of Chagas disease, majorly focusing on the novel perspectives in combating the disease.
Highlights
The Chagas disease is known as American Trypanosomiasis is a zoonotic disease caused by the protozoan parasite T. cruzi (Dutkiewicz-Serdynska, 1988; Franco et al, 2020; Hu et al, 2020)
The clinical symptoms of Chagas disease consist of two phases, and usually asymptomatic acute phase and a chronic phase that may be associated with digestive and cardiac lesions, that may eventually lead to cardiac failure (Perez-Molina and Molina, 2018b)
The danger of Chagas disease has long been unnoticed by both government and private pharmaceutical industries which hindered the pathway of new drug discovery and novel efficient treatment strategies against this infection
Summary
The Chagas disease is known as American Trypanosomiasis is a zoonotic disease caused by the protozoan parasite T. cruzi (Dutkiewicz-Serdynska, 1988; Franco et al, 2020; Hu et al, 2020). The causative agent of Chagas disease is a parasitic protozoan T. cruzi The vector of this infection is a bug belonging to genera. The gp glycoprotein is one such glycoprotein that acts as an adhesion molecule and attaches with host cells in a receptor-mediated manner, triggering mobilization of Ca2+ ions (Dorta et al, 1995; Ferreira et al, 2014) and helping in penetrating the host cells (Moreno et al, 1994; Yakubu et al, 1994; Dorta et al, 1995; Wilkowsky et al, 1996) This glycoprotein activates the metacyclic trypomastigote protein tyrosine kinase (Favoreto et al, 1998) triggering an increase in intracellular Ca2+ ions concentration in the parasite (Favoreto et al, 1998). Amino acid transporter AAT6 nucleobase transporters, H1 and H4 P2 aminopurine transporter TbAT1/P2 Endocytic pathway Passive absorption Endocytic pathway invariant surface glycoprotein ISG75 P2-purine transporter
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