Nano-formulations in treatment of iron deficiency anaemia: An overview

Abstract

Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) is a significant challenge to global health. The absorption and bioavailability depend on the delivery vehicle being used. Ferrous sulphate is a drug of choice for IDA but leads to frequent gastrointestinal tract side effects that force the patient to discontinue the treatment. Gastrointestinal side effects result from converting bivalent iron into trivalent iron accompanied by reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. Due to lower absorption, oral preparations of trivalent iron are recommended in patients with intolerance to ferrous sulphate. Nanosized iron preparation can resolved these concerns. The particle size of iron salts has been observed to have a significant impact on iron absorption. The surface area of iron compounds is increased by reducing their particle size, which improves their solubility in gastric juice and boosts their absorption. Sucrosomial iron, ferric citrate complexes, and ferric maltol are some of the novel iron preparations that ensure high bioavailability and good tolerance in chronic kidney disease, congestive heart failure, and inflammatory bowel disease. However, the parenteral route of administration of iron is unacceptable to most patients. Moreover, it leads to high free iron levels in circulation, resulting in ROS generation. This article provides an informative summary of iron deficiency anaemia causes and treatment through nanoformulations and literature and in-depth patent analysis.