Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy utilizes the immune system to fight cancer and has already moved from the laboratory to clinical application. However, and despite excellent therapeutic outcomes in some hematological and solid cancers, the regular clinical use of cancer immunotherapies reveals major limitations. These include the lack of effective immune therapy options for some cancer types, unresponsiveness to treatment by many patients, evolving therapy resistance, the inaccessible and immunosuppressive nature of the tumor microenvironment (TME), and the risk of potentially life-threatening immune toxicities. Given the potential of nanotechnology to deliver, enhance, and fine-tune cancer immunotherapeutic agents, the combination of cancer immunotherapy with nanotechnology can overcome some of these limitations. In this review, we summarize innovative reports and novel strategies that successfully combine nanotechnology and cancer immunotherapy. We also provide insight into how nanoparticular combination therapies can be used to improve therapy responsiveness, to reduce unwanted toxicity, and to overcome adverse effects of the TME.
Highlights
Cancer immunotherapy can provide powerful and long-lasting anti-cancer responses in patients with advanced or metastasized tumors that are otherwise resistant to conventional therapy [1].Mechanistically and illustrated by the clinical efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), cancer immune therapies aim to increase the overall fitness of the immune system by interfering with key immune regulatory mechanisms [2]
Despite the undisputed clinical efficacy and long-term response rates of immunotherapies observed in various cancer types, the majority of patients receiving treatment will not benefit from immunotherapy and some initially responding patients will eventually relapse [4,5]
Major advantages associated with artificial antigen presenting cell (aAPC) are their capability to infiltrate even difficult-to-reach tumor microenvironment (TME) and metastatic areas, the potential to prime effector T cells for specific tumor antigens, and a complete insensitivity to signals that might otherwise restrict the capability of conventional antigen presenting cell (APC)
Summary
Cancer immunotherapy can provide powerful and long-lasting anti-cancer responses in patients with advanced or metastasized tumors that are otherwise resistant to conventional therapy [1]. Nanotechnology cannot overcome tumor-intrinsic resistance factors nanotechnology requires an improved understanding of the mechanisms limiting cancer immune such as the complete lack of T cell recognition owing to missing or lost tumor antigens. Nanotechnology cannot overcome tumor-intrinsic resistance factors other resistance mechanisms like the absence of factors needed for immune cell attraction and such as the complete lack of T cell recognition owing to missing or lost tumor antigens. Stimulation; the inability to deliver, release, and stimulate immune cells to an inaccessible and other resistance mechanisms like the absence of factors needed for immune cell attraction and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME); and the danger of developing severe immune stimulation; the inability to deliver, release, and stimulate immune cells to an inaccessible and toxicities can be completely overcome or mitigated by nanotechnology. Immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME); and the danger of developing severe immune toxicities can be completely overcome or mitigated by nanotechnology
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