Abstract
As the current COVID-19 pandemic illustrates, vaccination is the most powerful method of disease prevention and public confidence in vaccines depends on their safety and efficacy. The information gathered in the current pandemic is growing at an accelerated pace. Both the key vital protein DNA/RNA messengers and the delivery carriers are the elements of a puzzle including their interactions with the immune system to suppress SARS-CoV-2 infection. A new nano-era is beginning in the vaccine development field and an array of side applications for diagnostic and antiviral tools will likely emerge. This review focuses on the evolution of vaccine carriers up to COVID-19-aimed nanoparticles and the immune-related adverse effects imposed by these nanocarriers.
Highlights
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic generated the development of various vaccine platforms, including mRNA-based vaccines, adenoviruse-based vaccines and pathogen-specific vaccines
Vaccine platforms can have conventional formulations using manipulated viral particles or innovative ones based on mRNA technology
The traditional vaccine carriers based on viral vectors use genetic modification of the original virus to express heterologous proteins of the vaccine target virus
Summary
Tuberculosis, yellow fever, polio (oral), measles, mumps, rubella adenovirus, typhoid, varicella, rotavirus, cholera, influenza. As well as the other SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, Sputnik-V safety and efficiency are currently under investigation by analysis of randomized controlled trials [39] All this data analysis, together with the knowledge coming from the vaccination campaigns in the different countries, will clarify the real performance of adenovirus-based carrier vaccines as well as their potential adverse effects, briefly reviewed in a following section. The PEGylated liposomes carrying the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-encoding mRNA have recently raised concerns for potential anaphylaxis, especially if multiple injections are required in the future [51] These coating polymers favor the carrier spreading to regional lymph nodes without hindering recognition and supporting the uptake of vaccine NPs by antigen-presenting cells (APC) in the first h after inoculation. AdV will activate multiple patternfuture science group mRNA vaccine
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