Abstract
Simple SummaryOvarian cancer (OvCa) is a prominent cause of cancer death in women due to missed early signs and late diagnoses. Once a woman is diagnosed with OvCa, the standard treatment is surgery to remove the tumor, followed by chemotherapy. Many women go into remission after treatment, but there is always a strong possibility that the cancer will return. If the cancer returns in less than 6 months, the patient is considered platinum-resistant and undergoes a new treatment plan. Drug resistance occurs when the cancer cells become resistant to the administered drug during initial chemotherapy, causing the drug to become ineffective. This is a considerable challenge in the cancer field, and many researchers are looking for strategies to overcome this drug resistance. However, nanotechnology, natural products, and RNA interference therapy are strategies that can enhance cancer therapy to overcome drug resistance in cancer cells.Ovarian cancer (OvCa) is a destructive malignancy due to difficulties in early detection and late advanced-stage diagnoses, leading to high morbidity and mortality rates for women. Currently, the quality treatment for OvCa includes tumor debulking surgery and intravenous platinum-based chemotherapy. However, numerous patients either succumb to the disease or undergo relapse due to drug resistance, such as to platinum drugs. There are several mechanisms that cause cancer cells’ resistance to chemotherapy, such as inactivation of the drug, alteration of the drug targets, enhancement of DNA repair of drug-induced damage, and multidrug resistance (MDR). Some targeted therapies, such as nanoparticles, and some non-targeted therapies, such as natural products, reverse MDR. Nanoparticle targeting can lead to the reversal of MDR by allowing direct access for agents to specific tumor sites. Natural products have many anti-cancer properties that adversely regulate the factors contributing to MDR. The present review displays the current problems in OvCa treatments that lead to resistance and proposes using nanotechnology and natural products to overcome drug resistance.
Highlights
In the developed world, ovarian cancer (OvCa) is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths among women
We present the current problems of OvCa treatments, outline the various mechanisms involved in OvCa drug resistance, and propose the use of nanotechnology and natural products to overcome OvCa drug resistance
Since spherical or round-shaped nanoparticles are favored for drug delivery, solid-lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) generally have better efficiency and capacity to overcome multidrug resistance (MDR) by increasing drug uptake into cancer cells and inducing apoptosis [86]
Summary
Ovarian cancer (OvCa) is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths among women. The most common mechanism of drug resistance in OvCa is the stimulation of ATP-dependent membrane efflux pumps, especially Multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1), known as P-glycoprotein (P-gp) or ABCB1 [10,11,12,13,14,15] Understanding these mechanisms can lead to advancements in the treatment of OvCa by using strategies like nanoparticles that can target and reverse MDR by allowing direct access of drugs to specific tumor sites. Once a patient is diagnosed with OvCa, they undergo tumor debulking surgery to determine the stage of the disease and the cancer prognosis [16]. The remaining objective is to find an alternative approach to treat OvCa
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