Abstract
Mucosal surfaces are the first site of infection for most infectious diseases and oral vaccination can provide protection as the first line of defense. Unlike systemic administration, oral immunization can stimulate cellular and humoral immune responses at both systemic and mucosal levels to induce broad-spectrum and long-lasting immunity. Therefore, to design a successful vaccine, it is essential to stimulate the mucosal as well as systemic immune responses. Successful oral vaccines need to overcome the harsh gastrointestinal environment such as the extremely low pH, proteolytic enzymes, bile salts as well as low permeability and the low immunogenicity of vaccines. In recent years, several delivery systems and adjuvants have been developed for improving oral vaccine delivery and immunogenicity. Formulation of vaccines with nanoparticles and microparticles have been shown to improve antigen stability, availability and adjuvanticity as well as immunostimulatory capacity, target delivery and specific release. This review discusses how nanoparticles (NPs) and microparticles (MPs) as oral carriers with adjuvant characteristics can be beneficial in oral vaccine development.
Highlights
Mucosal immunization has numerous advantages over parenteral administrations such as socio-economic benefits, relatively improved safety by a lower risk of needle injury infection/ inflammation, self-delivery, capacity for mass immunizations, no special training required, patient compliances and ability to elicit mucosal immune responses (Corthésy and Bioley, 2018)
Mucosal membranes are exposed to antigenic substances which can induce specific antibody as well as cellmediated immune responses through the secretory IgA that could prevent the attachment of bacteria and viruses to the mucosa and plays a major role in mucosal protection
This review focuses on the potential applications of various types of NP and MP systems as novel delivery and enhancement of adjuvanticity for oral vaccine development against infectious diseases
Summary
Mucosal immunization has numerous advantages over parenteral (needle-based) administrations such as socio-economic benefits, relatively improved safety by a lower risk of needle injury infection/ inflammation, self-delivery, capacity for mass immunizations, no special training required, patient compliances and ability to elicit mucosal immune responses (Corthésy and Bioley, 2018). An ideal oral vaccine carrier is expected to protect the antigens from degradation through the GI tract, deliver sufficient antigens to the inductive mucosal surface, enhance antigen uptake, activate immune cells, produce effective long-lasting mucosal and systemic immune responses.
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
