NAD+‐dependent DNA ligase (Rv3014c) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Novel structure‐function relationship and identification of a specific inhibitor

Abstract

Mycobacterium tuberculosis codes for an essential NAD+-dependent DNA ligase (MtuLigA) which is a novel, validated, and attractive drug target. We created mutants of the enzyme by systematically deleting domains from the C-terminal end of the enzyme to probe for their functional roles in the DNA nick joining reaction. Deletion of just the BRCT domain from MtuLigA resulted in total loss of activity in in vitro assays. However, the mutant could form an AMP-ligase intermediate that suggests that the defects caused by deletion of the BRCT domain occur primarily at steps after enzyme adenylation. Furthermore, genetic complementation experiments using a LigA deficient E. coli strain demonstrates that the BRCT domain of MtuLigA is necessary for bacterial survival in contrast to E. coli and T. filiformis LigA, respectively. We also report the identification, through virtual screening, of a novel N-substituted tetracyclic indole that competes with NAD+ and inhibits the enzyme with IC50 in the low muM range. It exhibits approximately 15-fold better affinity for MtuLigA compared to human DNA ligase I. In vivo assays using LigA deficient S. typhimurium and E. coli strains suggest that the observed antibacterial activity of the inhibitor arises from specific inhibition of LigA over ATP ligases in the bacteria. In silico ligand-docking studies suggest that the exquisite specificity of the inhibitor arises on account of its mimicking the interactions of NAD+ with MtuLigA. An analysis of conserved water in the binding site of the enzyme suggests strategies for synthesis of improved inhibitors with better specificity and potency.