N-doped catalytic graphitized hard carbon for high-performance lithium/sodium-ion batteries

Abstract

Hard carbon attracts wide attentions as the anode for high-energy rechargeable batteries due to its low cost and high theoretical capacities. However, the intrinsically disordered microstructure gives it poor electrical conductivity and unsatisfactory rate performance. Here we report a facile synthesis of N-doped graphitized hard carbon via a simple carbonization and activation of a urea-soaked self-crosslinked Co-alginate for the high-performance anode of lithium/sodium-ion batteries. Owing to the catalytic graphitization of Co and the introduction of nitrogen-functional groups, the hard carbon shows structural merits of ordered expanded graphitic layers, hierarchical porous channels, and large surface area. Applying in the anode of lithium/sodium-ion batteries, the large surface area and the existence of nitrogen functional groups can improve the specific capacity by surface adsorption and faradic reaction, while the hierarchical porous channels and expanded graphitic layers can provide facilitate pathways for electrolyte and improve the rate performance. In this way, our hard carbon provides its feasibility to serve as an advanced anode material for high-energy rechargeable lithium/sodium-ion batteries.