Abstract
Bacterial cell-to-cell communication (quorum sensing) refers to the regulation of bacterial gene expression in response to changes in microbial population density. Quorum sensing bacteria produce, release and respond to chemical signal molecules called autoinducers. Bacteria use two types of autoinducers, namely autoinducer-1 (AI-1) and autoinducer-2 (AI-2) where the former are N-acylhomoserine lactones and the latter is a product of the luxS gene. Most of the reported literatures show that the majority of oral bacteria use AI-2 for quorum sensing but rarely the AI-1 system. Here we report the isolation of Pseudomonas putida strain T2-2 from the oral cavity. Using high resolution mass spectrometry, it is shown that this isolate produced N-octanoylhomoserine lactone (C8-HSL) and N-dodecanoylhomoserine lactone (C12-HSL) molecules. This is the first report of the finding of quorum sensing of P. putida strain T2-2 isolated from the human tongue surface and their quorum sensing molecules were identified.
Highlights
Proteobacteria communication is commonly known as quorum sensing (QS) which regulates diverse bacterial phenotypes including those regulating virulence determinants [1,2,3,4,5,6]
That when signaling molecules bind to LuxR protein, this acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs)-luxR complex will be used to regulate QS-based gene expression [31,32,33,34]
When the concentration of these AHLs reaches the threshold level, the AHL-luxR complex will regulate a set of genes which occur in a population density-dependent manner, leading to population driven changes in several functions including virulence determinants, antibiotic production, bioluminescence, and biofilm formation [35]
Summary
Proteobacteria communication is commonly known as quorum sensing (QS) which regulates diverse bacterial phenotypes including those regulating virulence determinants [1,2,3,4,5,6]. Autoinducer-2 (AI-2) is a signaling molecule which is a product of the luxS gene [8,9,10] and AI-2 represents the only QS mechanism found in both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria [11,12,13]. That when signaling molecules bind to LuxR protein, this AHL-luxR complex will be used to regulate QS-based gene expression [31,32,33,34]. When the concentration of these AHLs reaches the threshold level, the AHL-luxR complex will regulate a set of genes which occur in a population density-dependent manner, leading to population driven changes in several functions including virulence determinants, antibiotic production, bioluminescence, and biofilm formation [35]. QS bacteria have been isolated from various sources and habitats, including the human body [36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45]
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