环渤海滨海湿地鸻鹬类水鸟多样性及其环境影响因子

Abstract

环渤海湿地是水鸟南北迁徙的重要驿站，尤其对于该线路上的鸻鹬鸟类具有非常重要的意义。以环渤海地区12处典型滨海湿地为研究对象，于2016-2020年每年春季开展水鸟调查，明确了鸻鹬类水鸟群落组成及其时空变化，采用结构方程模型 （Structural Equation Modeling，SEM）分析了鸻鹬类水鸟多样性与环境因子的响应关系，评估了各环境因子的影响强度。结果表明：（1）共记录到鸻鹬类水鸟7科51种，几乎全部为旅鸟。全球极危物种1种，濒危物种3种，近危物种9种。国家一级保护鸟类2种，国家二级保护鸟类8种。黑腹滨鹬（Calidris alpina）、大滨鹬（Calidris tenuirostris）、黑尾塍鹬（Limosa limosa）、灰鸻（Pluvialis squatarola）、斑尾塍鹬（Limosa lapponica）个体数量最多。（2）山东黄河三角洲、辽宁辽河口、天津北大港等河口湿地，水鸟种类多，单位面积水鸟数量较少。（3）河北沧州沿海、山东滨州贝壳堤岛及其周边区域为环渤海地区湿地集中区，水鸟种类较多。（4）综合影响强度为保护强度>食物>气候，建立自然保护地是保护水鸟多样性的最有效措施。（5）建议将河北南大港湿地和鸟类省级自然保护区提升至国家级，扩大滨州贝壳堤岛与湿地国家级自然保护区面积，对山东黄河三角洲、辽宁辽河口覆盖的各级各类自然保护地进行优化整合。研究结果能为环渤海地区鸻鹬类水鸟保护策略的制定提供相关依据。;The wetlands around the Bohai Sea are an important stop-over area for migration of the waterbirds along the East Asia-Australasia Flyway, especially for the waders. Twelve typical coastal wetland sites around the Bohai Sea area were selected to survey the waterbirds in spring from 2016 to 2020. The data was collected about the wader waterfowl community composition and changes through time and space. The structural equation model was used to analyze the response relationships between the diversity of waders and the environmental factors, and to evaluate the impact intensity of each environmental factor. The results showed that: (1) a total of 51 species of 7 families of waders have been recorded, almost all of which were migrants. These included 1 critically endangered species, 3 endangered species, and 9 near threatened species at the global level. There were 2 species of the national first-level protected birds and 8 national second-level protected birds. Dunlin (Calidris alpine), Great knot (Calidris tenuirostris), Black-tailed godwit (Limosa limosa), Grey plover (Pluvialis squatarola), and Bar-tailed godwit (Limosa lapponica) had the largest number of individuals. (2) Estuary wetlands such as the Yellow River Delta in Shandong, Liaohe Estuary in Liaoning, and Beidagang in Tianjin had a large number of waterfowl species but a small number of waterfowl per unit area. (3) The coastal areas of Cangzhou, Hebei, the shell dike island of Binzhou, Shandong and its surrounding areas are wetland concentrated areas in the Bohai Rim area, where there are many species of waterbirds. (4) The comprehensive impact intensity was protection intensity > food > climate. The establishment of nature reserves is the most effective measure to protect the diversity of waterbirds. (5) It is recommended to upgrade the Hebei Nandagang Wetland and Bird Provincial Nature Reserve to the national level, expand the area of Binzhou Shell Beach Island and Wetland National Nature Reserve, and protect the various types of nature at all levels covering the Yellow River Delta in Shandong and the mouth of the Liao River in Liaoning. With the optimized integration, the research results can provide a relevant basis for the formulation of protection strategies for waders in the Bohai Rim.