基于生命周期的风电场碳排放核算

Abstract

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 基于生命周期的风电场碳排放核算 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201406111207 作者: 作者单位: 北京师范大学环境模拟与污染控制国家重点实验室,北京师范大学环境模拟与污染控制国家重点实验室,北京师范大学,北京师范大学 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(91325302,71573021);国家基金委创新研究群体科学基金(51121003);高等学校博士学科点专项科研基金(20130003110027);美国能源基金会项目(G-1407-21749) Carbon emission accounting for wind farm based on life cycle assessment Author: Affiliation: Beijing Normal University,State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,Beijing Normal University,State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,,Beijing Normal University,State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:风电是实现低碳战略的主力能源技术之一。为全面分析其对环境的影响,将自然植被纳入系统边界,计量风电场建设前后植被破坏及恢复带来的影响。在清单分析中,重点考虑对碳排影响较大的配件生产及运输、建设期工程车耗油排放,更加合理地核算风电场碳排放和量化其环境影响。核算结果表明:案例风电场全生命周期排碳量为2.97×104tC;运营期由于电能损耗造成的CO2排放量远大于其它阶段,占全过程的57.74%;整个过程中,能源消耗造成的碳排放远大于资源损耗排放。 Abstract:In 2009, China became the world's largest carbon emitting country and therefore needs to work more actively to explore low-carbon development. Wind power is considered one of the major renewable energy technologies to achieve low-carbon goals. With the other rapid development in China, wind farms have been constructed around the country, both onshore and offshore, to resolve energy resource and environmental challenges. The aim of this program is to develop wind power capacity to 200 million kilowatts in 2020 and to 1 billion kilowatts in 2050, to provide 17% of the electricity demand. In this study, the carbon emission of wind farms was analyzed using life cycle assessment, which is a powerful tool for energy system management and environmental emission mitigation. It has been widely used for environmental impact assessment of renewable energy systems. The life cycle of a wind turbine is assumed to be 21 years. The natural vegetation is incorporated into the system boundary, quantifying the impact of destruction and restoration of vegetation on carbon emissions before and after the construction stage. In the inventory analysis, the carbon emissions from production and transportation of accessories, as well as the fuel consumption of construction vehicles are considered, to provide a reasonable account of associated carbon emissions and to quantify the associated environmental impact. Then, carbon emissions from the three phases of the life cycle (construction, operation, and dismantling) were determined. The construction phase covers changes in vegetation, building, and transportation. The operation stage includes emissions from energy produced for the daily life activities of staff and for operating the main building and electrical equipment (e.g., wind farm lighting systems, ventilation and air conditioning systems, and primary and secondary communication equipment). Regarding the dismantling phase, waste material disposal may still produce carbon emissions. The calculation of carbon emissions is based on the amount of energy used and on various emission factors. Part of the carbon emissions derived from recycled materials was subtracted to avoid double accounting. The carbon emissions caused by laying fiber optic cables, diesel consumption of the mobile machinery shop, and consumption of electric energy were also considered. The results show that the carbon emissions of the whole life cycle of the concerned wind farm, from vegetation damage to scrap disposal, was 2.97×104 tC, with the carbon emission intensity being 2.98×10-4 tC kW-1 h-1. This is close to the value for thermal power generation. The contribution by change in vegetation was almost zero, while those of building, transportation, and dismantling were 35.54%, 0.58%, 6.15%, respectively. The emission from consumption of electricity during operation was far larger than that for the other categories, making up 57.74% of total emissions. In contrast to the results from previous studies, we found that the carbon emissions from energy consumption are far larger than those from resource consumption. The methodology used in this paper may help provide a more comprehensive and detailed carbon emission inventory of wind farms. It could thus be considered a benchmark for further comparison of typical wind farm performance. In particular, the inclusion of the ecosystem services provided by the natural vegetation is the first step in calculating the potential support to be derived from the area surrounding the wind farm, which was often ignored in previous studies. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献