不同控草措施对高温季节华南地区蔬菜田杂草群落的影响

Abstract

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 不同控草措施对高温季节华南地区蔬菜田杂草群落的影响 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201404140722 作者: 作者单位: 广东省农业科学院植物保护研究所/广东省植物保护新技术重点实验室,广东省农业科学院植物保护研究所/广东省植物保护新技术重点实验室,广东省农业科学院 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家科技支撑计划(2012BAD19B02);广东省农业科技研究团队项目(2012A020100009) Influences of different weed control practices on hot-season vegetable-field weed communities in South China Author: Affiliation: Plant Protection Research Institute,Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection,Plant Protection Research Institute,Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection,Plant Protection Research Institute,Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:华南地区高温季节从6月持续到10月,田间杂草危害严重,当前高温季节田间杂草群落发生格局相关的研究资料积累不足.因此,在广州高温季节于标准化菜田通过田间杂草调查、小区控草试验和室内土壤培养,研究了杂草群落发生规律和菜田不同清园和土壤处理控草措施对田间杂草群落短期防效和后续影响.结果表明,试验田休耕50 d后,田间杂草群落中禾草类杂草种类较少但发生量明显占优,阔叶类杂草种类较多而危害总体较轻,莎草类杂草种类较少,发生量与阔叶草相当;牛筋草(Eleusine indica)呈现明显的单优势,光头稗(Echinochloa colona)、千金子(Leptochloa chinensis)、碎米莎草(Cyperus iria)、草龙(Ludwigia hyssopifolia)等的盖度也较高.休耕后取田间土壤在不同温度条件下培养的结果亦表明,高温促进禾草类杂草的出苗和幼苗生长(尤其是40 ℃/35 ℃),而15 ℃恒温培养14 d几乎仅有阔叶类杂草出苗.不同控草措施处理的田间试验结果表明,百草枯处理(900 g a.i./hm2)后阔叶类杂草总盖度上升的趋势被扭转为禾草类杂草持续占优势;喷施百草枯并铲草处理30 d后杂草盖度即恢复至60%以上,而配合喷施丁草胺(1350 g a.i./hm2)、乙草胺(750 g a.i./hm2)、精异丙甲草胺(750 g a.i./hm2)或二甲戊灵(600 g a.i./hm2)进行土壤处理30 d后可使杂草盖度与仅喷施百草枯处理分别下降72.9%、84.6%、83.9%和77.5%;土壤处理前配合浅翻耕可明显提升控草效果.典范对应分析(CCA)结果表明,控草处理70d后,百草枯、铲草和翻耕处理均对试验田间杂草群落结构具有显著影响(P < 0.01),田间各主要杂草在CCA排序图中明显分为两个类群:1)光头稗、牛筋草、千金子、马唐(Digitaria sanguinalis)、水虱草(Fimbristylis miliacea)和三头水蜈蚣(Kyllinga triceps);2)草龙、胜红蓟(Ageratum conyzoides)、鳢肠(Eclipta prostrata)、马齿苋(Portulaca oleracea)等阔叶类杂草和碎米莎草. Abstract:In South China during the hot season, which commonly lasts from June to October, weeds infest arable lands. The shifts in farming practices and climate change have brought new challenges to cropland weed management. Therefore, further research is needed to elucidate patterns of weed community occurrence during the hot season. To investigate weed community occurrence patterns and the effectiveness and subsequent influence of different weed control practices on weed occurrence, we conducted a series of field surveys and weed-control field experiments during the hot season on standard vegetable farms, as well as soil incubation studies in growth chambers under different temperature regimes. The experiments were conducted in Guangzhou city (located in South China) from June 10 to October 10, 2013. After a 50-day fallow period beginning on June 10, the weed community of the studied field was dominated by a few species of grass, with broadleaf weeds exhibiting high species diversity but lower coverage, and sedges having lower species diversity and coverage. Eleusine indica was mono-dominant among the 31 weed species observed in the experimental vegetable field. Echinochloa colona, Leptochloa chinensis, Cyperus iria, and Ludwigia hyssopifolia also showed high coverage. With respect to soil collected from the experimental field immediately after the fallow period, seedlings of grasses and sedges emerged and grew better under high temperature conditions, especially at 40 ℃/35 ℃, but were all strongly inhibited at 15 ℃. Seedlings of broadleaf weeds emerged and grew well at 15 ℃, while their growth was constrained at 40 ℃/35 ℃. After treatment with paraquat (900 g a.i./hm2), the trend of increasing dominance of broadleaf weeds in the experimental field was transformed into continuous mono-dominance of grasses. After application of paraquat followed by hoeing, weeds re-covered >60% of the soil surface after 30 days. In contrast, weed coverage was decreased by 72.9%, 84.6%, 83.9%, or 77.5% when followed by an application of the pre-emergence herbicides butachlor (1350 g a.i./hm2), acetochlor (750 g a.i./hm2), metolachlor (750 g a.i./hm2), or pendimethalin (600 g a.i./hm2), respectively. Furthermore, tillage to 15 cm after hoeing and before the application of pre-emergence herbicide greatly improved weed control effectiveness. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) suggested that the application of paraquat, hoeing, and tillage all showed significant (P < 0.01) influences on the weed community structure of the studied vegetable field 70 days after weed control treatments. After 70 days, paraquat application had strongly negative effects on the occurrence of Echinochloa colona and Leptochloa chinensis and strongly positive influences on the occurrence of Mimosa pudica, Corchorus aestuans, Ageratum conyzoides, and Portulaca oleracea. Hoeing and tillage had strongly negative influences on the occurrence of Eleusine indica, Echinochloa colona, Leptochloa chinensis, Digitaria sanguinalis, Fimbristylis miliacea, and Kyllinga triceps and strongly positive effects on the occurrence of broadleaf weeds. Common weed species in the experimental fields formed two clear groups in the CCA biplot with respect to the first two axes, namely (1) grass species plus two sedges, F. miliacea and K. triceps, and (2) broadleaf weed species plus Cyperus iria. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献