不同水位下拟建鄱阳湖水利枢纽对食块茎鸟类栖息地适宜性的影响研究

Abstract

鄱阳湖为亚洲最大的候鸟栖息地，近十余年发生了枯水期提前且延长及湖区生态环境日益恶化的问题，对于此问题江西政府提出了一种科学的工程措施--鄱阳湖水利枢纽（简称枢纽）。然而，枢纽对越冬候鸟栖息地的影响尚无定量研究。以鄱阳湖食块茎鸟类--白鹤（Grus leucogeranus）、白枕鹤（Grus vipio）和小天鹅（Cygnus columbianus）的栖息地为研究对象，利用3S技术结合生态学知识，在ArcGIS平台上搭建了食块茎鸟类栖息地适宜性评价模型，使用二维水动力模型联合适宜性评价模型，生成鄱阳湖在兴建枢纽前、后的食块茎鸟类栖息地适宜性分布图。选取工程调度时期水位相对稳定时段，以鄱阳湖无枢纽状态下星子水位为基础，探究鄱阳湖在不同水位时，有拟建枢纽和无拟建枢纽状态下食块茎鸟类的栖息地适宜性的变化，定量分析拟建枢纽对候鸟栖息地适宜性造成的影响。研究发现：枢纽的调度规则具有一定的科学性，水位调度方案对湖泊食块茎鸟类越冬初期栖息产生的影响较小，但会牺牲一部分越冬后期适合食块茎鸟类栖息的区域。拟建枢纽选址处至都昌站的食块茎鸟类栖息地适宜性受枢纽的负面影响最为显著，各级自然保护区之中，北部省级候鸟自然保护区受其负面影响最大，此保护区将减少18.01-39.80 km²适合食块茎鸟类栖息的面积。但是枢纽的运行能增加湖泊土壤水含量，使食块茎鸟类更易于觅食，且能增加喜食块茎鸟类的食物丰富度。本研究可为为今后鄱阳湖湖区水环境规划和水生态管理维护提供一定的科学参考。;Poyang Lake is the largest wintering habitat for migratory birds in Asia. In the last decade, the Lake has experienced early-occurring and prolonged dry season that has deteriorated the lake's ecological status. To tackle this issue, the Chinese government has proposed the construction of the Poyang Lake Hydraulic Project. However, there is no quantitative study on the impact of the Hydraulic Project on wintering migratory bird habitats. The habitats of the Tuber-eating Birds including Grus leucogeranus, Grus vipio, and Cygnus columbianus, etc. were studied. The 3S technology combined with ecological knowledge were used to build a suitability evaluation model for the habitat of the Tuber-eating Birds on the ArcGIS platform. Then, we used the suitability evaluation model combined with a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model to generate the habitat suitability map of the Tuber-eating Birds, with and without the presence/operation of the hydraulic project. During the hydraulic project dispatch period, the period of stable water level was selected. Based on the Xingzi water level without the hydraulic project, we explored the habitat suitability changes of Poyang Lake in different water levels, with and without the presence/operation of the hydraulic project. The impact of the hydraulic project on the suitability of the Tuber-eating Birds habitats was quantitatively studied. The results showed that the scheduling rule of the hydraulic project were scientific. The scheduling rule had little impact on the habitat of the Tuber-eating Birds in the early winter, but still sacrificed some of the areas suitable for the Tuber-eating Birds in the late winter. The region of hydraulic project to Duchang station was significantly negatively affected by the hydraulic project. In the nature reserves at all levels, the northern provincial migratory bird nature reserve was most significantly negatively affected, and the area will reduce the area of 18.01-39.80 km² suitable for the Tuber-eating Birds. However, the operation of the hydraulic project could increase the soil water content, making it easier for the Tuber-eating Birds to eat and increase the food richness. Our study can provide a scientific reference for the future water environment planning and ecological management of the Poyang Lake.